Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity: a review

Goldstein, Rachel A.; DesLauriers, Carol; Burda, Anthony M.; Johnson‐Arbor, Kelly

doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2008.12.001

Cited by 104 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Coadministration of alcohol and cocaine is common, with 50-90% of cocaine users reporting the ingestion of ethanol simultaneously in order to prolong the "high" and to minimize the dysphoric feelings associated with the use of cocaine (Goldstein et al, 2009). …”

Section: Sewage Back Calculations 261 Cocainementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of cocaine and nicotine metabolites in wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Cross abuse index patterns on a major community

Lopes

Silva

Bronze

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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HIGHLIGHTSCross abuse index patterns on licit and illicit drugs by means of sewage assessment Data about cocaine and nicotine consumption from a Portuguese population Co-evaluation of cocaine abuse estimates based on local drug purity levels ABSTRACT A method based on sample preparation by solid phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was validated and used for simultaneous analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and cotinine in samples collected at the major wastewater treatment plant in the city of Lisbon. The aim was to estimate the consumption of both cocaine and nicotine in this community and establish an index involving both drugs supported by the relevance of nicotine as a significant anthropogenic marker. The study was made on two different week days during a month in order to evaluate patterns of consumption outside weekends. Cocaine and nicotine ingestion levels were backcalculated and expressed as mass of pure drugs consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants (mean: 0.604 g and 5.860 g respectively). Cocaine was also expressed on the basis of local drug purity levels (33.7%) with a corresponding increase on dose assessments, and community drug abuse profiles. The authors sustain that this approach should always be included in drug studies of this kind allowing a better drug abuse assessment. No significant different patterns of consumption were obtained during the working days studied with the exception of one case coincident with a national holiday that showed an increased typical profile found on other non-working day studies, namely weekends. A fairly significant relationship was found between nicotine and cocaine consumption that should be further evaluated in future studies. Pharmacokinetic considerations were made and proposed for cocaine assessment based on the impact on back calculations after common simultaneous consumption of cocaine and ethanol.

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Section: Sewage Back Calculations 261 Cocainementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of cocaine and nicotine metabolites in wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Cross abuse index patterns on a major community

Lopes

Silva

Bronze

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…2 It should be noted, however, that cocaine-related cardiac arrest may have potential for superior neurological outcomes compared with cardiac arrest not related to cocaine 6 and that cocaine has become the second most common cause of drug-related visits to emergency departments in the United States. 7 Accordingly, expansion of treatment for complications should be a priority. In a 2001 study of adults who had used cocaine more than 10 times in their life, the incidence of myocardial infarction was 6 times the incidence in the general population, 25% of nonfatal myocardial infarctions were attributable to frequent cocaine use, and about 1% of such users have a myocardial infarction during their lifetime.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Cocaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest: Further Evidence

Scantling

Klonoski

Valentino

2014

American Journal of Critical Care

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Therapeutic hypothermia is an important and successful treatment that has been endorsed only in specific clinical settings of cardiac arrest. Inclusion criteria thus far have not embraced drug-induced cardiac arrest, but clinical evidence has been mounting that therapeutic hypothermia may be beneficial in such cases. A 59-year-old man who experienced a cocaine-induced cardiac arrest had a full neurological recovery after use of therapeutic hypothermia. The relevant pathophysiology of cocaine-induced cardiac arrest is reviewed, the mechanism and history of therapeutic hypothermia are discussed, and the clinical evidence recommending the use of therapeutic hypothermia in cocaineinduced cardiac arrest is reinforced. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2014; 23:89-92) T herapeutic hypothermia remains a relatively new immediate treatment option for patients who have had return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest but remain unresponsive. In several studies, 1 therapeutic hypothermia has been definitively shown to improve neurological recovery when used after the return of spontaneous circulation. These studies, however, excluded survivors of drug-induced cardiac arrest.2 As a result, evidence supporting the use of therapeutic hypothermia in drug-induced cardiac arrest has been absent despite clinical suspicion of its benefits. We report a second unique published instance of successful use of therapeutic hypothermia in the setting of cocaine-induced cardiac arrest.

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“…C ocaine is a highly addictive small-molecule drug of abuse with 1.6 million users in the United States (Goldstein et al, 2009;Koob and Volkow, 2010;Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012). Cocaine inhibits neuronal monoamine transporters, primarily the dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT), leading to accumulation of dopamine in the ventral striatum, caudate, and putamen of the basal ganglia, with consequent increased dopaminergic neurotransmission (Di and Imperato, 1988;Benowitz, 1993;Koob and Volkow, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cocaine disruption of monoamine homeostasis occurs both in the CNS and systemically (Muscholl, 1961;Calligaro and Eldefrawi, 1987;Brody et al, 1990;Lipton et al, 2000;Fowler et al, 2007;Goldstein et al, 2009;Koob and Volkow, 2010). All subtypes of dopamine receptors are expressed in varying proportions in the kidney, adrenal glands, sympathetic ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, and heart (Lackovic and Neff, 1983;Volkow et al, 1992;Benowitz, 1993;Boschetti et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of Systemically Administered Cocaine in Nonhuman Primates Treated with the dAd5GNE Anticocaine Vaccine

Hicks

Kaminsky

et al. 2014

Human Gene Therapy Clinical Development

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Cocaine use disorders are mediated by the cocaine blockade of the dopamine transporter in the central nervous system (CNS). On the basis of the concept that these effects could be obviated if cocaine were prevented from reaching its cognate receptors in the CNS, we have developed an anticocaine vaccine, dAd5GNE, based on a cocaine analog covalently linked to capsid proteins of an E1 -E3 -serotype 5 adenovirus. While the vaccine effectively blocks systemically administered cocaine from reaching the brain by mediating sequestration of the cocaine in the blood, the fact that cocaine also has significant peripheral effects raises concerns that vaccinationmediated redistribution could lead to adverse effects in the visceral organs. The distribution of systemically administered cocaine at a weight-adjusted typical human dose was evaluated along with cocaine metabolites in both dAd5GNE-vaccinated and control nonhuman primates. dAd5GNE sequestration of cocaine to the blood not only prevented cocaine access to the CNS, but also limited access of both the drug and its metabolites to other cocaine-sensitive organs. The levels of cocaine in the blood of vaccinated animals rapidly decreased, suggesting that while the antibody limits access of the drug and its active metabolites to the brain and sensitive organs of the periphery, it does not prolong drug levels in the blood compartment. Gross and histopathology of major organs found no vaccine-mediated untoward effects. These results build on our earlier measures of efficacy and demonstrate that the dAd5GNE vaccine-mediated redistribution of administered cocaine is not likely to impact the vaccine safety profile.

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Cocaine: history, social implications, and toxicity: a review

Cited by 104 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis of cocaine and nicotine metabolites in wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Cross abuse index patterns on a major community

Analysis of cocaine and nicotine metabolites in wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Cross abuse index patterns on a major community

Use of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Cocaine-Induced Cardiac Arrest: Further Evidence

Fate of Systemically Administered Cocaine in Nonhuman Primates Treated with the dAd5GNE Anticocaine Vaccine

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