Cocamidopropyl betaine — a potential source of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in pool water

Ul’yanovskii, Nikolay V.; Varsegov, Ilya S.; Sypalov, Sergey A.; Mazur, Dmitrii M.; Kosyakov, Dmitry S.; Lebedev, Albert T.

doi:10.1007/s11356-023-31315-9

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this regard, the combinations of both gas and liquid chromatography with highresolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS and HPLC-HRMS) have significant advantages in the comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of DBPs. This approach has successfully proven itself in the study of processes occurring during the disinfection of drinking water and wastewater, as well as swimming pool water [22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Thus, the purpose of this study was to reveal main degradation pathways and characterize in detail both the primary (intermediate) and final disinfection byproducts formed under the conditions of aqueous chlorination of bromhexine and ambroxol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucolytic Drugs Ambroxol and Bromhexine: Transformation under Aqueous Chlorination Conditions

Sypalov,

Varsegov,

Ulyanovskii

et al. 2024

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bromhexine and ambroxol are among the mucolytic drugs most widely used to treat acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Entering the municipal wastewater and undergoing transformations during disinfection with active chlorine, these compounds can produce nitrogen- and bromine-containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are dangerous for aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, primary and deep degradation products of ambroxol and bromhexine obtained in model aquatic chlorination experiments were studied via the combination of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was shown that at the initial stages, the reactions of cyclization, hydroxylation, chlorination, electrophilic ipso-substitution of bromine atoms with chlorine, and oxidative N-dealkylation occur. Along with known metabolites, a number of novel primary DBPs were tentatively identified based on their elemental compositions and tandem mass spectra. Deep degradation of bromhexine and ambroxol gives twenty-four identified volatile and semi-volatile compounds of six classes, among which trihalomethanes account for more than 50%. The specific class of bromhexine- and ambroxol-related DBPs are bromine-containing haloanilines. Seven of them, including methoxy derivatives, were first discovered in the present study. One more novel class of DBPs associated with bromhexine and ambroxol is represented by halogenated indazoles formed through dealkylation of the primary transformation products containing pyrazoline or tetrahydropyrimidine cycle in their structure.

show abstract