Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology

Thompson, George R.; Brown, Jennifer; Benedict, Kaitlin; Park, Benjamin

doi:10.2147/clep.s34434

Cited by 144 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…It is estimated that 40% of human Coccidioides infections are symptomatic (2). Acute or chronic pulmonary disease is most common manifestation; however, disseminated disease occurs in approximately 1% of Coccidioides infections (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Differences in Host Innate Responses among Coccidioides Isolates in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

et al. 2015

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e Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are soil-dwelling fungi and the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, a mycosis endemic to certain semiarid regions in the Americas. The most common route of infection is by inhalation of airborne Coccidioides arthroconidia. Once a susceptible host inhales the conidia, a transition to mature endosporulated spherules can occur within the first 5 days of infection. For this study, we examined the host response in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis during a time period of infection that has not been well characterized. We collected lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from BALB/c mice that were infected with a C. immitis pure strain, a C. immitis hybrid strain, or a C. posadasii strain as well as uninfected mice. We compared the host responses to the Coccidioides strains used in this study by assessing the level of transcription of selected cytokine genes in lung tissues and characterized host and fungal proteins present in BALF. Host response varied depending on the Coccidioides strain that was used and did not appear to be overly robust. This study provides a foundation to begin to dissect the host immune response early in infection, to detect abundant Coccidioides proteins, and to develop diagnostics that target these early time points of infection.

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confidence: 99%

“…Acute or chronic pulmonary disease is most common manifestation; however, disseminated disease occurs in approximately 1% of Coccidioides infections (2). Certain factors, such as African or Filipino ancestry, immunosuppression, pregnancy, and male gender, increase the risk of a disseminated infection (2,3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Differences in Host Innate Responses among Coccidioides Isolates in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

et al. 2015

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“…grow in the arid, alkaline desert soil in California, but soil is very complex [9] and the characteristics of contaminated soil may differ between endemic regions [10]. So far, no one set of physical, biological, and chemical characteristic describes all the sites where the organism has been found, and even in one “site” the fungus is distributed unevenly in the soil for unclear reasons.…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coccidioides immitis and posadasii; A review of their biology, genomics, pathogenesis, and host immunity

Kirkland

Fierer

2018

Virulence

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Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are two highly pathogenic dimorphic fungal species that are endemic in the arid areas of the new world, including the region from west Texas to southern and central California in the USA that cause coccidioidomycosis (also known as Valley Fever). In highly endemic regions such as southern Arizona, up to 50% of long term residents have been infected. New information about fungal population genetics, ecology, epidemiology, and host-pathogen interactions is becoming available. However, our understanding of some aspects of coccidioidomycosis is still incomplete, including the extent of genetic variability of the fungus, the genes involved in virulence, and how the changes in gene expression during the organism’s dimorphic life cycle are related to the transformation from a free-living mold to a parasitic spherule. Unfortunately, efforts to develop an effective subunit vaccine have not yet been productive, although two potential live fungus vaccines have been developed.

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“…Surveys conducted in humans for Coccidioidomycosis reveal that fungal infection is very common in endemic areas with hot summers (over 26˚C), mild winters (4˚C to 12˚C), sparse vegetation, annual rainfall of 20 to 400 mm, alkaline soil and windy conditions leading to the maintenance and spread of the fungus [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Histoplasmin and Coccidioidin Skin Tests and an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion for Animals in Argentina

Guida¹

2016

OALib

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The overall objective of this study was to apply different diagnostic methods that demonstrate the presence of infection or diseases, specifically Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis, in domestic animals as a contribution to the understanding of mycology in animal health, clinical practice and epidemiology. Sera were studied and skin tests were performed in pigs, horses, dogs and cattle in endemic areas of Argentina as a means of diagnosis and to determine if the fungi of interest were present in the region. Responses to intradermal reactions develop slowly (24 -72 hours) after administration of an allergen, causing erythema and a nodule and serum with Histoplasmosis or Coccidioidomycosis shows precipitation M and H bands in an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), which indicates infection or lesion activity and is not influenced by previous intradermal reaction. Two (2) animals were positive for the skin test, and three (3) were positive for the M band in the AGDI for Coccidioidomycosis. In the case of Histoplasmosis, twenty-eight (28) animals were positive for the M band in the AGID and three (3) were positive for the skin test. The skin test with specific antigens for Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis is feasible for use in individual diagnostic studies in cattle, equines, canines, and in epidemiological surveys of cattle and pigs, according to the requirements of the this technique for the different species. The use of AGID as a serological technique for Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis proved to be simple, inexpensive, and effective; it was feasible for use for individual diagnosis in animals with present or past infection and for serological epidemiology due to the ease of application. This method can to be utilized in future studies to determine the prevalence and boundaries of endemic areas.

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Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology

Cited by 144 publications

References 95 publications

Differences in Host Innate Responses among Coccidioides Isolates in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

Differences in Host Innate Responses among Coccidioides Isolates in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioides immitis and posadasii; A review of their biology, genomics, pathogenesis, and host immunity

Using Histoplasmin and Coccidioidin Skin Tests and an Agar Gel Immunodiffusion for Animals in Argentina

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