Coccidioidomycosis

Parish, James M.; Blair, Janis E.

doi:10.4065/83.3.343

Cited by 146 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…3 Risk factors for severe or disseminated infection include racial heritage (such as African or Filipino) and medical conditions such as pregnancy or cell-mediated immunodeficiency (eg, use of immunosuppressant medications, infection with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], or receipt of a transplanted organ). 1 Because of increasing populations and thriving tourism in the endemic area, coccidioidomycosis is a disease of interest not only to physicians in the Southwest but also to practitioners anywhere whose patients have resided in or traveled to areas where the disease is endemic. 4 To examine closely the risk of African American race on the clinical characteristics pertaining to coccidioidomycosis, we performed a PubMed search of the English-language medical literature on coccidioidomycosis (through March 2010) specifically as it relates to African Americans, with the following search terms: coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides, race, ethnicity, African, black, and Negro.…”

confidence: 99%

“…3,6 Two recognized species cause indistinguishable infection in humans: Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. 1,3 Coccidioides species grow as branching septate hyphae when the soil is moist. As the soil dries, thick-walled arthroconidia form 6 ; when the soil and hyphae are disrupted, the disarticulated arthroconidia (spores) may become aerosolized.…”

Section: Mycology and Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coccidioidomycosis in African Americans

Ruddy

Mayer

et al. 2011

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides species, a fungus endemic to the desert regions of the southwestern United States, and is of particular concern for African Americans. We performed a PubMed search of the English-language medical literature on coccidioidomycosis in African Americans and summarized the pertinent literature. Search terms were coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides, race, ethnicity, African, black, and Negro. The proceedings of the national and international coccidioidomycosis symposia were searched. All relevant articles and their cited references were reviewed; those with epidemiological, immunologic, clinical, and therapeutic data pertaining to coccidioidomycosis in African Americans were included in the review. Numerous studies documented an increased predilection for severe coccidioidal infections, coccidioidomycosis-related hospitalizations, and extrapulmonary dissemination in persons of African descent; however, most of the published studies are variably problematic. The immunologic mechanism for this predilection is unclear. The clinical features and treatment recommendations are summarized. Medical practitioners need to be alert to the possibility of coccidioidomycosis in persons with recent travel to or residence in an area where the disease is endemic.

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confidence: 99%

Section: Mycology and Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coccidioidomycosis in African Americans

Ruddy

Mayer

et al. 2011

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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“…However, a small proportion of infected individuals develop the progressive form, which is potentially lethal and can affect not only the lungs but other organs as well through hematogenous dissemination (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Farnesol on Growth, Ergosterol Biosynthesis, and Cell Permeability in Coccidioides posadasii

Brilhante

Lima

Caetano

et al. 2013

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides spp. The treatment for chronic and/or disseminated coccidioidomycosis can be prolonged and complicated. Therefore, the search for new drugs is necessary. Farnesol is a precursor in the sterol biosynthesis pathway that has been shown to present antifungal activity. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of farnesol alone and in combination with antifungal agents against clinical and environmental strains of Coccidioides posadasii as well as to determine their effect on the synthesis of ergosterol and on cell permeability. This study employed the broth macrodilution method to determine the MIC of farnesol against 18 strains of C. posadasii. Quantification of ergosterol was performed with 10 strains of C. posadasii after exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of farnesol. Finally, the activity of farnesol was evaluated in the presence of osmotic stress, induced by the addition of NaCl to the culture medium, during the susceptibility tests. The results showed that farnesol exhibited low MICs (ranging from 0.00171 to 0.01369 mg/liter) against all tested strains. The combination of farnesol with the antifungals showed synergistic effects (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] < 0.5). As for the ergosterol quantification, it was observed that exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of farnesol decreased the amount of ergosterol extracted from the fungal cells. Furthermore, farnesol also showed lower MIC values when the strains were subjected to osmotic stress, indicating the action of this compound on the fungal membrane. Thus, due to the high in vitro antifungal activity, this work brings perspectives for the performance of in vivo studies to further elucidate the effects of farnesol on the host cells.

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“…Aquellos pacientes que desarrollan síntomas y requieren de atención médica, lo hacen entre 7 a 21 días después de la inhalación de las artroconidias, siendo en cerca de 25% de los casos, la presentación clínica similar a la de una NAC 8 . Los pacientes asintomáticos y entre 36-38% de los pacientes sintomáticos, se recuperan sin requerir tratamiento y quedan con inmunidad de por vida.…”

Section: B D a Cunclassified