Cockle (Anadara granosa) Tolerance to Ammonia Exposed to Various Concentrations

Distribution and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in three repeated operating ages of the blood cockle Anadara granosa cultivation in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province, Southern Thailand

“…The input of organic matter into the sediment can lead to a series of changes in physical and chemical parameters, which in turn have both direct and indirect effects on the benthic fauna communities as well as the growth and mortality of cockle in this area. This is in accordance with the previous studies of Yurimoto, Kassim, Fuseya, & Man, 2014;Ramli, Hassan, &Ramachandran, 2014 andMirsadeghi, Zakaria, Yap, &Gobas, 2013;Davenport & Wong, 1986. Yurimoto et al, (2014 reported that a mass mortality event of the blood cockle A. granosa in aquaculture ground in 2012 may have resulted from an impact of freshwater flooding from rivers on the aquaculture ground such as low-salinity environments and low food availability.…”

“…Davenport and Wong (1986) reported that cockles showed a clear shell-closing reaction upon exposure to salinity of <19 psu; about 50% of them survived at salinity of 16 psu, while the mortality was 100% upon exposure to salinity of lower than 10 psu for a week. Ramli et al, (2014) reported that blood cockle A. granosa with sizes ranging 30-38 mm can tolerate various ammonia concentrations. The value of lethal concentration (LC 50 ) exposed to various ammonia concentrations at 48-hr and 96-hr was 0.08 and 0.04 mg/L of NH 3 , respectively, whereas the LC 100 at 48-hr and 96-hr was 0.30 and 0.16 mg/L respectively.…”

“…Yurimoto et al, (2014 reported that a mass mortality event of the blood cockle A. granosa in aquaculture ground in 2012 may have resulted from an impact of freshwater flooding from rivers on the aquaculture ground such as low-salinity environments and low food availability. Ramli et al, (2014) reported that blood cockle A. granosa with sizes ranging 30-38 mm can tolerate various ammonia concentrations. Davenport and Wong (1986) reported that cockles showed a clear shell-closing reaction upon exposure to salinity of <19 psu; about 50% of them survived at salinity of 16 psu, while the mortality was 100% upon exposure to salinity of lower than 10 psu for a week.…”

Application of the Adjusted Sharpness Index and Estimated Condition Factor to Compare Growth Conditions of the Blood Cockle, <i>Tegillarca granosa</i>, in Penang, Perak, and Selangor, in Malaysia

“…In Sg. Buloh, Selangor, ammonia concentration had exceeded the maximum tolerance level of the blood cockle, suggesting that high ammonia concentration was one of the factors that caused decline in cockle population (Ramli et al 2014(Ramli et al , 2013. Additionally, acidic water, with pH as low as 4.3-5.3, has been reported to be discharged into the mouth of Sg.…”