Cockroaches as Possible Transport Hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rica

Respiratory System Diseases of Nonhuman Primates

“…Laboratory-housed primates may become infected through ingestion of feed stuffs contaminated with cat feces, infected food items that might be offered (e.g., raw ground meat, especially horse meat or sheep heart), or vermin, especially mice that might be caught and eaten (Anderson and McClure, 1993). Paratenic hosts, such as earthworms and cockroaches, which can be found in vivarial and exhibition settings, may transport infective oocysts (Chinchilla et al, 1994;Bettiol et al, 2000). Horizontal transmission in squirrel monkeys has been documented and confirmed experimentally.…”

Toxoplasma gondii in animals used for human consumption

“…They may also be spread via earthworms, coprophagous invertebrates or manure. Hay, straw and grain that are contaminated with cat faeces have been identified as sources of infection for livestock (Buxton 1990, Hiepe & Buchwalder 1991, Chinchilla et al 1994.…”

Mechanical Transmission of Disease Agents by Arthropods

“…Sarcocystis and other coccidia have been isolated from wild-caught flies collected from dog feces (Markus 1980). House flies have contaminated milk with viable Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for approximately 24 hr following contact with infected cat feces (Chinchilla and Ruiz 1976).…”