Cocoa Farming System in Indonesia and Its Sustainability Under Climate Change

Witjaksono, Julian

doi:10.11648/j.aff.20160505.15

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The fact that there was less variation amongst the 'Highly managed' farms might indicate that these farms are closer to their maximum production potential. Average farm yields observed in the current survey are higher than those that have been quoted by others, for example, Witjaksono and Asmin (2016) quote annual yields of 500-700 kg ha −1 . However, this is probably a reflection of the fact that in our survey two-thirds of the farms were deliberately sampled within the well and moderately managed categories, which is likely to be a higher proportion of farms that fall within these categories nationally.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Variation in Indonesian cocoa farm productivity in relation to management, environmental and edaphic factors

et al. 2020

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A survey was conducted of Indonesian cocoa farms to assess the extent of yield variation and factors associated with this variation. The survey of 120 farms during the course of 3 years encompassed four provinces in Sulawesi (South, South-East, West and Central), Western Sumatra, Lampung, East Java and West Papua. A high degree of yield variation was observed between farms, the average over 3 years ranged from 39 to 3586 kg ha−1. Overall, yields were greater on farms that were classified as ‘highly managed’, compared to ‘moderately’ and ‘less managed’. Seasonal variability in yields was generally greater in districts with a more pronounced dry season such as South Sulawesi and Lampung. Multiple regression analyses revealed particular husbandry practices that were linked with higher cocoa yields. Specifically, the use of inorganic fertilisers, application of fungicides against blackpod and weeding were all practices that were associated with higher yields. A positive association between rainfall and yield was observed for the years 2014/15 and 2015/16 but not 2016/17, which was a La Niña year (when rainfall totals were higher). Some of the farms surveyed were planted with cocoa at very low densities implying an opportunity for yield improvement through gap filling or replanting at higher densities (although it was noted that some farmers maintained lower planting densities due to the cultivation of companion crops). Given the smallholder status of most cocoa farms in Indonesia (mean area in this study was 0.71 ha) it is important that farmers are able to maximise returns from their land in order to maintain a livelihood. This study illustrated the potential for yield improvement on Indonesian cocoa farms through adoption of best agronomic practice.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Variation in Indonesian cocoa farm productivity in relation to management, environmental and edaphic factors

et al. 2020

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“…Thus, the cocoa bean is one of the most important agricultural export products of Indonesia. Cocoa production provides the main source of income for over 1,400,000 smallholder farmers and their families in Indonesia, and they contribute 93% of national production [ 61 ]. In this area, precipitation is the dominant driver in cocoa success, so that high temperatures in humid tropical areas are ideal growing conditions for cocoa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theobromacacao Criollo var. Beans: Biological Properties and Chemical Profile

Lavorgna

Pacifico

Nugnes

et al. 2021

Foods

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Theobroma cacao provides precious products such as polyphenol-rich beans that are useful for nutraceutical purposes. The geographical area may influence the chemical composition of raw cocoa beans in terms of the polyphenols and biological qualities of the products. This work aimed to investigate the biological properties and the chemical composition of two different samples of Criollo var. cocoa raw beans coming from two areas (Indonesia; Peru). Beans underwent biphasic extraction obtaining lipophilic and hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were tested for antiradical, antimutagenic, and antigenotoxic effects. Cell viability inhibition toward breast, gastric/esophageal colorectal adenocarcinoma, and hepatoblastoma human cell lines was evaluated. Extracts were chemically investigated through UV-Vis spectroscopy and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF MS/MS). Results showed that the Indonesian bean hydroalcoholic extracts were able to scavenge 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical better than the Peruvian hydroalcoholic extracts (ECs50: 72.63 vs. 322.20 μg/mL). Extracts showed antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activity. The viability inhibitory effect on breast and hepatic cancer cells was reached only for the Indonesian hydroalcoholic extracts at hundreds of μg/mL. Phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids, hydroxycinnamoyl aminoacids conjugates, and procyanidin compounds were found mainly in the hydroalcoholic extracts, whereas fatty acids and lyso-phospholipids were found mainly in lipophilic fractions. Fatty acid and (epi)catechins appeared to be affected by different environmental conditions of the geographical areas.

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“…The total polyphenolic content of fermented cocoa from Indonesia is low (Gu et al 2013). Cocoa productivity varies greatly between regions in Indonesia and tends to be lower than its potential productivity (Witjaksono and Asmin 2016;Rubiyo and Dewi 2018); Indonesia's productivity has remained the lowest among the prominent cocoa-producing countries (Glorya and Nugraha 2019). Losses due to infection with black pod disease in cocoa plantations are between 20-25% per year (Adeniyi 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To resolve the problem of low productivity of cocoa requires technological improvements, such as high-yielding clones with high productivity (Rubiyo and Siswanto 2012;Witjaksono and Asmin 2016), pest and disease management (Daymond et al 2017), fertilization (Abdulai et al 2020), and pruning management (Tothmihaly and Verina 2017;Effendy et al 2019). Planting resistant clones is a promising strategy (McMahon et al 2010b;Adu-Acheampong et al (2015) although it is difficult to find cocoa clones fully resistant to CPB (Niogret 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Rubiyo, Dewi YA, Imran, Salim A, Baharudin, Indrawanto C, Ratule MT. 2020. Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5698-5607. Cocoa is one of the main plantation commodities in Indonesia. It is an important source of foreign exchange and employment. Currently, Indonesian cocoa production and productivity, including in Southeast Sulawesi, are declining due to pests and diseases. In addition, there is a lack of high-quality and high-yielding clones. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cocoa clones and resistance to cocoa pod borer (CPB) and cocoa pod rot (CPR) disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora. The study tested 12 cocoa clones, which included four high-yielding clones. The research location was in Lambandia Subdistrict, Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Clonal planting material was propagated by grafting in 2010. The study used a randomized block design and the treatments consisted of 20 plants of each cocoa clone with three replications. The clones were evaluated from 2018 to 2019. The observed variables included resistance to CPB and CPR. The results of the study based on the quality component showed that the clones MT, M04, and M01 had the highest average weight per one dry bean of 1.55 g, 1.64 g, and 1.24 g, respectively. Beans produced by clones MT, M01, and M04 had an average fat content of 53.36%, 52.72%, and 50.76%, respectively. Observations of the average number of pods with CPR showed that the lowest rate of attack (about 6%) was in BAL 209 and PT. Ladongi clones, with attack intensities of 20% and 18%, respectively; therefore, these clones were classified as resistant to CPR. Evaluation of the level of resistance to attack by CPB pests found two resistant clones, PT. Ladongi and Sulawesi 2, with light levels of attack on beans.

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Cocoa Farming System in Indonesia and Its Sustainability Under Climate Change

Cited by 28 publications

References 49 publications

Variation in Indonesian cocoa farm productivity in relation to management, environmental and edaphic factors

Variation in Indonesian cocoa farm productivity in relation to management, environmental and edaphic factors

Theobromacacao Criollo var. Beans: Biological Properties and Chemical Profile

Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

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