Cocoa-rich diet ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by modulating insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Cocoa and cocoa flavanol epicatechin improve hepatic lipid metabolism in in vivo and in vitro models. Role of PKCζ

“…We have recently demonstrated that EC, at the same concentration used in this study, and a cocoa phenolic extract, improve insulin sensitivity as well as glucose uptake and production in high glucose-challenged hepatic HepG2 cells (Cordero-Herrera et al, 2014). Similarly, we have shown that the same cocoa-enriched diet used in the present work alleviates hepatic insulin resistance and oxidative stress in ZDF rats (Cordero-Herrera et al, 2015;Cordero-Herrera, Martín, Goya, & Ramos, 2015b). It is worth mentioning that EC concentrations used in the study are not far from realistic and they are within the range recommended for in vitro studies (Kroon et al, 2004).…”

Antidiabetic actions of cocoa flavanols

“…The hypoglycemic effect of cocoa appears to be also mediated through the decreased levels of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased values of glucokinase and GLUT‐2. Moreover, cocoa‐supplemented diet suppressed JNK and p38 activation caused by insulin resistance and oxidative stress . In this line, cocoa protected the liver by improving the antioxidant competence of hepatocytes in ZDF rats, as livers from cocoa‐fed animals showed reduced levels of ROS and carbonyl groups, restored superoxide dismutase, and enhanced heme oxygenase‐1 activities.…”

“…As mentioned, the liver also plays a main role during DMT2 . Administration of a cocoa‐rich diet (10%) to ZDF rats for 9 weeks improved the liver insulin resistance by abolishing the increased p‐(Ser)‐IRS‐1 levels and preventing the inactivation of the GSK3/glycogen synthase pathway . The hypoglycemic effect of cocoa appears to be also mediated through the decreased levels of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased values of glucokinase and GLUT‐2.…”

Anti-diabetic effects of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre from deoiled cumin in low-dose streptozotocin and high glucose-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic rats

“…Our results were consistent with those described by Brockman et al (2012), who reported a significantly higher food efficiency ratio in the high-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) group, compared to the obese group. The lower food efficiency ratio in diabetic model and obese rats may be attributable to high insulin resistance and poor glycaemic control, resulting in increased food intake but decreased body weight (Cordero-Herrera et al, 2015). Different doses of SDF and IDF induced a significant increase in body weight and reduction in food intake after 1 week of treatment.…”

“…A potential mechanism underlying this result is that increased levels of gut hormones or peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (peptide YY) or cholecystokinin, after ingestion of SDF, relative to IDF intake, enhance satiety through stimulation of pancreatic secretion and regulation of gastric emptying, leading to lower food intake (Bourdon et al, 1999;Cani et al, 2004). Another recent hypothesis is that increased expression of insulin-responsive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ after intake of SDF ameliorates insulin resistance and blunts postprandial glucose response, leading to improvement of body weight (Adam et al, 2014;Cordero-Herrera et al, 2015).…”