Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complexes of fluorene,
dibenzofuran,
dibenzothiophene, terphenyl, dithienothiophene, and carbazole show
n-channel transistor properties, whereas that of diaminoterphenyl
and phenothiazine exhibits ambipolar characteristics. Ambipolar transport
is observed when the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level
of the donor–acceptor complex is located above the ordinary
hole transport limit. Since the HOMO of the charge-transfer complex
is deeper than that of the component donor owing to the charge-transfer
interaction, not all hole-transporting materials show hole transport
in the charge-transfer complexes. In addition, the effective (super-exchange)
transfer integrals have to be sufficiently large; this is frequently
not satisfied when the donor HOMO is practically orthogonal to the
acceptor’s lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). By applying
these criteria to calculations starting from the crystal structures,
transistor properties of mixed stack charge-transfer complexes are
explained.