Cocurrent Combustion of Human Feces and Polyethylene Waste

Conceptual energy and water recovery system for self-sustained nano membrane toilet

“…Yet, the temperature of solids leaving the drying section of the reactor dropped from 159.5 to 144.6 °C, respectively, due to more moisture being removed by the drying gas. Such drop in the temperature of the dry solids entering the reaction chamber may affect their ignition, which is expected to occur at temperatures above 200 °C as the volatile matter is released at similar temperatures from biomass and lignite [13] , [42] , [43] , [44] .…”

“…It aims to develop low-cost toilets for treating human excreta and recovering useful resources [2] , [11] , [12] without producing hazardous products. Recent studies performed by Onabanjo et al [3] , and Monhol and Martins [13] have proven that gasification and combustion are feasible thermochemical conversion processes to utilise the chemical energy of the settled solids from human excreta, which comprises wet faecal matter, regardless of their high moisture content. Moreover, Liu et al [14] have proposed the self-sustained system for the settled solids from human excreta to power conversion that utilises plasma gasification and solid oxide fuel cells.…”

“…Considering the fact that the settled solids from human excreta were proven to be a viable energy source [3] , [13] , this study proposes a conceptual energy and water recovery system for the Nano Membrane Toilet to evaluate the thermodynamic viability of the toilet concept proposed by Parker [12] . The proposed system is designed to process the human excreta from a household of ten people, considering the average input rates of the wet faecal matter and urine of 200 g per capita per day [15] , [16] and 1.5 dm 3 per capita per day [17] , [18] , respectively.…”

Thermodynamic assessment of human feces gasification: an experimental-based approach

“…However, to use these residues as an energy source, reducing the water content to the level required for thermochemical conversion technologies is still a challenge. Very few works have attempted to convert human feces [5][6][7][8], and the conversion has been reached by mixing feces with inert materials, e.g., sand [5], or with plastic materials [8]. Heretofore, the only successful case of converting raw feces has been made in a bench-scale fixed bed reactor [6].…”

“…Nevertheless, the results were very encouraging. Monhol and Martins [8] conducted combustion of real feces, showing that a high energy content could be recovered. Recently, Jurado et al [13] developed preliminary work on a micro-combustor prototype to recovery energy from human feces.…”