Cod protein powder lowered serum nonesterified fatty acids and increased total bile acid concentrations in healthy, lean, physically active adults: a randomized double-blind study

Abstract

BackgroundFish fillet consumption is associated with beneficial health effects; however, little is known about whether consuming other parts of the fish such as head, backbone, skin, cut-offs, and entrails (collectively known as residuals) will provide comparable effects.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate if daily supplementation with cod residual protein powder would impact lipid metabolism in healthy adults.MethodsForty healthy, lean, physically active participants (18 women, 22 men) with normal body mass index consumed 8.1 g of proteins daily from cod residual protein powder (Cod-RP) or placebo (control) for 8 weeks.ResultsCod residual protein powder supplementation lowered fasting serum nonesterified fatty acids and increased serum total bile acid concentrations significantly when compared with control supplementation. Fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein (Apo) B concentrations, as well as the total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and ApoB:ApoA1 ratios, were significantly decreased within the Cod-RP group, but these changes were not different from the control group. Fasting serum concentrations of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and ApoA1 were not changed within or between groups.ConclusionEight weeks of daily supplementation with 8.1 g Cod-RP seems to be sufficient to affect lipid metabolism in healthy, lean, physically active adults.

Supplementation with Low Doses of a Cod Protein Hydrolysate on Glucose Regulation and Lipid Metabolism in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study

“…However, these changes did not differ from the placebo group, hence the results should be interpreted with caution. In line with findings from previous intervention studies with low doses of cod protein in healthy, overweight adults [ 20 ] and normal-weight adults [ 33 ], we observed reduced levels of LDL-C within the CPH group. However, a reduction in LDL-C was also observed within the placebo group, and no differences were found when comparing the two groups.…”

“…Secondly, the participants in the current trial only received a daily morning dose of CPH. Previous studies have suggested that distributing the doses throughout the day might lead to a more potent effect due to a constant flow of bioactive peptides in circulation [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Effect of Cod Residual Protein Supplementation on Markers of Glucose Regulation in Lean Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Study

“…All capsules for the study were produced at Pharmatech AS (Fredrikstad, Norway). A detailed description of the production of intervention capsules is described elsewhere [21] and the contents of the capsules are presented in Table 1. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) content in the cod residual powder and placebo capsules was determined using the micro-diffusion assay described by Conway and Byrne [32] and anserine was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatographyusing the Waters Pico-Tag method [33].…”

“…Power analysis was not feasible for the original study, which was designed as a pilot study and is the first to investigate effects of cod residuals on circulating markers of lipid metabolism in lean adults [21]. Therefore, no estimation of sample size for the current measurements was conducted prior to the study.…”

“…Currently, large quantities of residuals from cod are discarded, and the rest is mostly utilized for non-food purposes, such as feed ingredients for agriculture and aquaculture. To our knowledge, only two clinical studies on cod residual protein intake have been conducted so far, and findings suggest that cod residual protein supplementation may beneficially affect glucose regulation and lipid metabolism [14,21]. Thus, further studies investigating potential health effects of cod residual protein for human consumption should be undertaken.…”