Code Division Multiplexing Applied to FBG Sensing Networks: FBG Sensors Designed as Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS-FBG Sensors)

Triana, Andrés; Pastor, D.; Varón, Margarita

doi:10.1109/jlt.2017.2705283

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The fiber Bragg gratings or FBGs are the periodic refractive index (r.i.) modulations over some intended length of the fiber core [1,2]. Such r.i. modifications inside the core of the fiber have led to the formation of many optical devices for sensing and communications purposes [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Although FBGs have been extensively used for different purposes, utilizing them to improve the optical transmission link performance has revolutionized the telecommunication industry [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance enhancement of optical communication system with cascaded FBGs of varying lengths

Naga Bhaskar,

Pal,

Pattnaik

2023

J. Opt.

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In this paper, an optical communication system constructed with cascaded fiber Bragg gratings or FBGs of varying lengths capable of operating in the C-band is presented. Here, initially, a passive optical device formed with four cascaded FBGs of varying lengths is proposed and analysed. Subsequently, the proposed device is kept in the optical communication system to reduce the spectral widthof the source, thereby enhancing the system's performance. Analytical formulation based on the transfer matrix method (TMM) of an optical device is incorporated. The effect of such a device on the system performance at various operating distances is discussed. Further, the system performance is studied with the apodized FBGs in the passive optical device. At the end, we investigated the effect of incorporating the cascaded FBG structure in the system utilizing four-level pulse amplitude modulation or PAM-4 modulation . As per the simulation results, the proposed device has given a maximum reflectivity of 98.39% and a minimum FWHM of 0.175 nm for uniform FBGs. But with the apodized FBGs, an FWHM of 0.07 nm with a reflectivity of 59.81% has been achieved. Simulation results reveal that the system formed with the proposed device has given better performance up to a distance of 105 km compared to the absence of the device. At the maximum operating distance of the system with apodized FBGs, the Q-factor and bit error rate (BER) are recorded as 6.712 and 9.5321×10-12, respectively. Apart from the Q-factor and BER estimation, eye height is also used to estimate the system performance at various operating distances.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance enhancement of optical communication system with cascaded FBGs of varying lengths

Naga Bhaskar,

Pal,

Pattnaik

2023

J. Opt.

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“…One area of prior work that has been used to address this issue is the design of a line of interrogators and FBG nodes to apply principles of code division multiplexing. FBG nodes designed as discrete prolate spheroidal sequences were used for multiplexing [15]. In another work, researchers designed nodes as super-structured FBGs to create codes for multiplexing [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Tradeoff Between Spatial Resolution and High Curvature Bending in FBG-Based Shape Sensing

Hanley,

Dhaliwal,

Khadem

2023

IEEE Sensors J.

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Fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based shape sensing is an emerging technology used for the navigation of flexible medical instruments, such as needles, catheters, and endoscopes. FBG-based sensors operate by measuring straininduced wavelength shifts in the reflected light, which are used to determine the curvature along a fiber's length. While an increased number of gratings enhances shape-sensing accuracy, incorporating many within a fixed spectrum can induce interference in wavelength shifts, specifically during high curvature bending, limiting the detectable bending range. Such interference severely compromises shape estimation, posing challenges for instruments requiring high curvature bends. In this paper, we study this trade-off between resolution and bending curvature. Next, we introduce an algorithm that leverages the reflectivity and full-width half maximum of FBG nodes for improved bend estimation, even in high-curvature scenarios. To this end, first, we provide a model of reflectivity of uniform gratings using coupled-mode theory. The model is used to match spectrum measurements with FBG nodes. Second, we develop an algorithm using the proposed model and random walk model to estimate the relative probability of a given reflected wavelength corresponding to each FBG node. This algorithm then uses variants of the Hungarian algorithm to solve an assignment problem and classify FBG nodes. We then collected three datasets with FBGs experiencing varying curvature. One of the datasets validates the proposed model and the latter two demonstrate that, relative to a commercially available interrogator, our approach classifies FBG nodes with 14% higher accuracy, 13% higher precision, 35% higher recall, and 4% higher specificity.

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“…The DPSS has a wide range of classical signal processing applications [32]- [38]. Compressive sensing [33], parametric waveform and detection of extended targets [34], wall clutter mitigation and target detection [35], design of baseband receivers [36], fiber bragg grating (FBG) sensors for optical sensing systems [37], and multipath suppression for continuous waves [38] are just few examples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototype Filter for QAM-FBMC Systems Based on Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS)

et al. 2022

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In conventional wireless communications, cyclic-prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) has been adopted as the baseline multicarrier scheme. Despite its corroborated merits, they are explored only in a synchronous and strictly orthogonal scenario. To overcome the limitations observed in CP-OFDM, to support the constraints imposed by different 5G scenarios, and also to improve robustness against channel impairments, several waveforms have been investigated. Quadrature amplitude modulation associated to filter-bank multicarrier (QAM-FBMC) has been an auspicious technology for 5G communication systems and beyond. The main feature of QAM-FBMC is its capacity of high spectral confinement, which is possible thanks to the per-subcarrier filtering. Aiming to improve the QAM-FBMC performance, in this paper, we propose a prototype filter design based on the discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (DPSS), also known as Slepian sequences. The presented filters were obtained by optimizing the weights that are used to compose the desired prototype filter in such an extent that they minimize the intrinsic interference of the system. At the same time, these weights keep spectral confinement of the filter for a previously determined bandwidth limitation. Simulation results show that the optimized filters achieve higher intrinsic interference attenuation than the competitors. Indeed, we can confirm the improvement in the system performance brought by the usage of the optimized filters through the bit error rate (BER) evaluation. Furthermore, the proposed method is flexible thanks to the suitability of its parameters.INDEX TERMS Filter-bank multicarrier, QAM-FBMC, wireless communication, 5G, prototype filter deign, DPSS, Slepian functions.

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Code Division Multiplexing Applied to FBG Sensing Networks: FBG Sensors Designed as Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS-FBG Sensors)

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Performance enhancement of optical communication system with cascaded FBGs of varying lengths

Performance enhancement of optical communication system with cascaded FBGs of varying lengths

On the Tradeoff Between Spatial Resolution and High Curvature Bending in FBG-Based Shape Sensing

Prototype Filter for QAM-FBMC Systems Based on Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences (DPSS)

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