‘Codeine crazy:’ a content analysis of prescription drug references in popular music

Peteet, Bridgette; Roundtree, Christopher; Dixon, Shapree; Mosley, Cami; Miller-Roenigk, Brittany; White, Joseph L.; Bediako, Mindy; Hitch, Anthony E.; McCuistian, Caravella

doi:10.1080/13676261.2020.1801992

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although lean is consumed internationally, 3 , 16 , 20 and has visibility in popular culture, 4 , 9 - 12 it remains vastly understudied. This exploratory study focused on gaps in the literature regarding (1) respondent descriptions of lean ingredients, (2) lean use frequency, (3) lean use disorder screening criteria, and (4) persons consuming lean to cope with anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptomology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,7,8 Lean is prominent in popular culture, especially music, in which numerous songs have described lean consumption. 4,[9][10][11][12] Because lean is highly visible in popular culture, the scarce research to date on this substance combination is concerning, particularly given the evidence that some persons could develop a substance use disorder (SUD) from consuming lean. 2,4,9,13 Despite the available evidence on lean, which identifies its potential for health consequences, 2,4,9,13 there is not much research on the overall prevalence of lean use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 7 , 8 Lean is prominent in popular culture, especially music, in which numerous songs have described lean consumption. 4 , 9 - 12 Because lean is highly visible in popular culture, the scarce research to date on this substance combination is concerning, particularly given the evidence that some persons could develop a substance use disorder (SUD) from consuming lean. 2 , 4 , 9 , 13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lean/Sizzurp Ingredients, Use, and Coping With Mental Health Symptoms

Ware

2023

Subst�Abuse

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The substance combination of codeine and promethazine, commonly termed lean/ sizzurp, has been identified as a method that some individuals use to cope with PTSD and other mental health symptomology. A sample of 1423 adults with self-reported past year lean use was recruited from substance-related Reddit pages to complete a survey about lean, including information about using lean to cope with emotions, thoughts, or feelings. To be included in the sample, persons needed to: (1) be ⩾18 years old, (2) report past year lean use, (3) complete lean use screeners, and (4) pass data quality checks (eg, bot detection). As Reddit is an online forum, no geographic restrictions were placed on study participation. Data on demographic characteristics, lean use, and mental health disorder symptomology were captured from participants. Logistic regression models included anxiety, depression, and trauma as independent variables along with covariates to examine using lean to cope with emotions, thoughts, or feelings in the past 30 days. Most participants were male (n = 1102; 77.4%), with an average age of 26.9 (SD = 5.2) years. Most participants used included codeine as an ingredient in lean (n = 1060; 74.5%); promethazine was added as an ingredient by 31.7% of the sample (n = 451), and the combination of codeine and promethazine was included as ingredients by 13.5% (n = 192) of the sample. Participants with anxiety, lifetime trauma exposure, and who were female had increased odds of using lean to cope with emotions, thoughts, or feelings in the past 30 days. Those with depression and unstable housing exhibited decreased odds of using lean to cope with emotions, thoughts, or feelings in the past 30 days. This study recruited persons via social media to learn more about lean use, especially lean use to cope with mental health symptoms; future population-level studies are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lean/Sizzurp Ingredients, Use, and Coping With Mental Health Symptoms

Ware

2023

Subst�Abuse

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“…Abuse of OTC codeine products has been encouraged and normalised on social media and in hip-hop music [64][65][66], which is a growing public health concern. A scoping review of the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals identified several ways in which codeine was reportedly being abused, including mixtures with alcohol or soft drinks (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sales of Over-the-Counter Products Containing Codeine in 31 Countries, 2013–2019: A Retrospective Observational Study

et al. 2022

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doi: medRxiv preprint NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. Running heading: Trends in sales of over-the-counter codeine in 31 countries Acknowledgements: We thank the Primary Care Research Trust of Birmingham and Midlands Research Practices Consortium for providing the funding to purchase the sales data from IQVIA.

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“…Abuse of OTC codeine products is being encouraged and normalised on social media and in hip-hop music [70][71][72], which is a growing public health concern. One study showed that drug-related messages in music predicted substance misuse in young adults aged 16-25 years and that drug-related slang was nearly 19 times more common in 2017 than in 2007 [72]. A scoping review on the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals identified several ways in which codeine was reportedly abused, including mixtures with alcohol or soft drinks (e.g.…”

Section: Implications For Clinicians and Policymakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sales of over-the-counter products containing codeine in 31 countries, 2013-2019: a retrospective observational study

Richards

Aronson

MacKenna

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundOpioid prescribing trends have been well investigated in many countries. However, the patterns of opioids purchased over-the-counter (OTC) without a prescription are mostly unknown. Codeine is an opioid that is widely available OTC in many countries. We aimed to assess national sales and public expenditure of OTC codeine-containing products purchased in 31 countries between 2013 and 2019.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study using electronic point-of-sale data from IQVIA. Countries included Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the UK, and the USA. We calculated the annual mean volume of sales per 1000 of the population and public expenditure (GBP, £ per 1000) between April 2013 and March 2019. We quantified changes over time and the types of products sold.Results31.5 billion units of codeine, costing £2.55 billion, were sold OTC in 31 countries between April 2013 and March 2019. Total sales increased by 3% (3025 units/1000 in 2013 to 3111 in 2019) and public expenditure doubled (£196/1000 in 2013 to £301 in 2019). Sales were not equally distributed across the 31 countries. South Africa accounted for the largest mean volume of sales (31 units/person), followed by Ireland (24 units/person), France (16 units/person), Latvia (15 units/person), and the UK (11 units/person). The types of products (n=569) and formulations (n=12) varied.ConclusionsIn many parts of the world, a substantial number of people may be purchasing and consuming codeine from OTC products. Clinicians should ask patients about their use of OTC products. Public health measures are required to identify and prevent codeine misuse and abuse, increase awareness and education about the harms of codeine, and review medicines legislation to improve the collection of such data.Pre-registrationhttps://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AY4MC

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‘Codeine crazy:’ a content analysis of prescription drug references in popular music

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Lean/Sizzurp Ingredients, Use, and Coping With Mental Health Symptoms

Lean/Sizzurp Ingredients, Use, and Coping With Mental Health Symptoms

Sales of Over-the-Counter Products Containing Codeine in 31 Countries, 2013–2019: A Retrospective Observational Study

Sales of over-the-counter products containing codeine in 31 countries, 2013-2019: a retrospective observational study

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