Codeine Substitute Challenges Drug and Substance Abuse Controls in Nigeria: Histopathology Evaluations of Norvegicus rattus on Lacatomtom

Abstract

Codeine substitute challenges to drug and substance abuse controls in Nigeria: Histopathology evaluations of Norvegicus rattus on lacatomtom is novel research that aimed to evaluate the Codeine substitute challenges to drugs and substance abuse; histopathology perspective and oxidative biomarkers evaluation of the tissues cum chemical pathology analysis of the serum of the control and intervened subjects. The experimental subjects were grouped into control, acute and chronic (T1, T2, and T3) respectively; the acute groups of the oral administration of lacatomtom mixture were given 0.01mg/g of lacatomtom for 14 days while the chronic were given for 42 days and periodically weighed and recorded; The Animals were sacrificed and the organs harvested following ethical procedures for animal killing. The blood and tissues of the harvested organs (blood, lungs, liver, and kidney) under investigation were subjected to chemical pathology analysis to assess the liver and kidney functions, then proceeded to histopathological examination using formalin fixed paraffin processed methods with both routine and special stains, liver, lungs and kidney homogenate were subjected to oxidative stress biomarkers test (MDA, SOD, Gpx, GSH and Catalase). Histopathology results first revealed a severe cellular injury in all the organs under study compare to the normal control; significance (p<0.5) elevation found among some enzymes AST, ALP ALT are also an indication of damaged liver, increase MDA and reduced SOD, Gpx, GSH and catalase correlate the histology results and biochemistry.

Awareness, attitude and practice of self-medication among some selected second year medical students of KIU western campus

“…Self-medication is defined as the use of medication by a patient on his/her own initiative or on the advice of pharmacist instead of consulting medical practitioner [1][2][3][4]. Some governments are increasingly encouraging self-medication of minor illnesses [5][6][7].…”

“…Studies done on selfmedication reveal that it is fairly common practice in today's era, but it is confined to a relatively smaller group of medical student. With the emergencies and discoveries of new medicines for the managements of various diseases, the practice of self-medication has been on the rise [3][4][5][6][7].…”

Comparative Evaluation of Sweet Potato and Peas Starches as Disintegrants in the Foundation of Paracetamol Tablets

“…The moisture content of the peas starch was 7.5% while that of sweet potato starch was 5.58%. The values of the moisture content were within the limits of less than 15% as recommended by the British Pharmacopoeia [7]- [10]. The results of the physicochemical properties of peas and sweet potato starch powders are presented in Figure 4.1.…”