Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Establishment in China: Stages of Invasion and Potential Future Distribution

Abstract

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is an internal feeding pest of apples and can cause substantial economic losses to fruit growers due to larval feeding which in turn degrades fruit quality and can result in complete crop loss if left uncontrolled. Although this pest originally developed in central Asia, it was not known to occur in China until 1953. For the first three decades the spread of codling moth within China was slow. Within the last three decades, addition of new commercial apple orchards and improved transportation, this pest has spread to over 131 counties in seven provinces in China. We developed regional (China) and global ecological niche models using MaxEnt to identify areas at highest potential risk of codling moth establishment and spread. Our objectives were to 1) predict the potential distribution of codling moth in China, 2) identify the important environmental factors associated with codling moth distribution in China, and 3) identify the different stages of invasion of codling moth in China. Human footprint, annual temperature range, precipitation of wettest quarter, and degree days ≥10 °C were the most important predictors associated with codling moth distribution. Our analysis identified areas where codling moth has the potential to establish, and mapped the different stages of invasion (i.e., potential for population stabilization, colonization, adaptation, and sink) of codling moth in China. Our results can be used in effective monitoring and management to stem the spread of codling moth in China.

Comparative Genomics Provide Insights Into Function and Evolution of Odorant Binding Proteins in Cydia pomonella

“…However, there is little knowledge of the numbers, structures, and evolution of the OBP gene family in important insect crop pests such as the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). C. pomonella is an economically threatening pest worldwide ( Witzgall et al, 2008 ; Kumar et al, 2015 ; Zhu et al, 2017 ). It mainly destroys apples and pears as well as other seed and stone fruits.…”

Invasion stages and potential distributions of seven exotic terrestrial isopods in Japan

“…These variables in-cluded temperature and precipitation data, which have been recommended for and widely applied to species distribution modelling (e.g. Broennimann et al 2007, Kumar et al 2015, Zhu et al 2017. Highly collinear variables (Pearson correlation coefficient, |r| ≥ 0.75) were removed and only one variable from a set of highly correlated variables was included in each model (Suppl.…”

“…The results also indicated that combined data from native and introduced regions were useful for estimating the potential distributions of these exotic species in the invaded region (Le Maitre et al 2008, Elith 2015, Ray et al 2016). The present study evaluated the invasive stages of these species in Japan by applying the theoretical framework of Gallien et al (2012), which has been successfully used to evaluate the invasive stages of some exotic species (Kumar et al 2015, Zhu et al 2017. The evaluation revealed that many populations of five species (A. vulgare, H. danicus, P. laevis, P. scaber and P. pruinosus) in Japan were stabilising and colonising.…”

“…Thus, it is important to evaluate the invasive stages of species of interest to predict future distributions and risks of those species. Gallien et al (2012) developed a methodological framework for evaluating the invasive stage by plotting probabilities of two prediction models to identify the leading edge of an invasion and to determine whether the invasive population had reached the equilibrium (Kumar et al 2015, Zhu et al 2017.…”

Notes on insects captured in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) surveillance traps in South Korea over the last eight years

“…One of target pests for this monitoring, the codling moth (Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus)) -(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major pest of agricultural crops, particularly of fruits such as apples and pears. Recently, Zhu et al (2017) reported that the codling moth was established in China and can cause substantial economic losses to fruit growers. Increased international trade and tourism has increased the risk of introduction of this pest.…”