Coelenterates

Lewbart, Gregory A.; Aczm, Diplomate

doi:10.1002/9780470344606.ch3

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Following anaesthetizing the fish using Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222), blood samples were collected from the caudal vein using 2-mL heparinized syringes and transferred immediately into tubes. The collected blood samples were analysed for counting white and red blood cells (WBC & RBC) using haemocytometer (Neubaur) using Natt-Herrick solution as diluent and stained (Stoskopf 1993).…”

Section: Determination Of Haematological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The haematological parameters were assessed as follows: Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration following the method of cyanmethaemoglobin (Drobkin 1945), haematocrit (Ht) according to the method of microhaematocrit (Stoskopf 1993), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) based on Campbell and Ellis (2007). Differential recognition of the white blood cells was based on blood smears preparation and Gimsa staining.…”

Section: Determination Of Haematological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective effects of a synbiotic against experimentalSaprolegnia parasiticainfection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

et al. 2012

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A combination of probiotics and prebiotics as synbiotics allows assessing their synergistic effects. This study evaluated the effects of a synbiotic supplement on growth performance, haematological parameters and resistance to Saprolegnia parasitica in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) fingerlings. Fish fed a dietary synbiotic in three levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g kg−1 thrice a day. The fingerlings were challenged with Saprolegnia parasitica after 60 days post feeding and their mortalities recorded up to 15 days. The fingerlings at all three experimental treatments showed significant (P < 0.05) increases in final mean weights and specific growth rates (SGR). The best feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and maximum survival rate were also obtained by the fish fed 1.0 g synbiotic kg−1 diet. Furthermore, supplementation with synbiotic significantly increased blood factors at all treatments. After challenges with Saprolegnia parasitica, the synbiotic‐fed groups showed significantly higher survival rates compared with the control group. These results reveal that a dietary synbiotic of 1.0 g kg−1 fed for 60 days leads to increased growth performance and survival rate as well as improved feeding efficiency in rainbow trout fingerling, rendering them more resistant against infection by Saprolegnia parasitica.

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Section: Determination Of Haematological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determination Of Haematological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective effects of a synbiotic against experimentalSaprolegnia parasiticainfection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

et al. 2012

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“…It is important to know how specific environmental factors affect the immune system of fish. While most studies have focused on the effects of individual pathogens, in aquatic systems it is often the underlying stresses of abrupt water quality changes that are the real culprits (Noga 2010;Stoskopf 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Rapid decreases in salinity, but not increases, lead to immune dysregulation in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Choi

Cope

Harms

et al. 2012

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Rapid changes in salinity, as with other environmental stressors, can have detrimental effects on fish and may trigger increased susceptibility to disease. However, the precise mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. We examined the effects of sudden increases or decreases in salinity on teleost immune function using Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), as the fish model in a battery of bioassays of increasing immune system specificity. Two different salinity experiments were performed: one of increasing salinity (0 to 5, 10 and 20 g L(-1) ) and one of decreasing salinity (20 to 15, 10 and 5 g L(-1) ). Histopathology of anterior kidney, gills, gonads, intestines and liver of exposed fish was performed, but no remarkable lesions were found that were attributable to the salinity treatment regimes. The spleen was removed from each fish for analysis of cytokine expression, and peripheral blood was used for haematology, cortisol and phagocytosis assays. In the increasing salinity experiments, no significant changes were observed in any immune system assays. However, in the decreasing salinity experiments, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and monocytosis were observed in the peripheral blood without modification of the packed cell volume, plasma protein or plasma cortisol levels. Phagocytosis was increased in response to decreases in salinity from 20 g L(-1) to 15 g L(-1) , 10 g L(-1) and 5 g L(-1) , whereas phagocytic index was not significantly altered. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transcription increased during the same decreases in salinity. However, the TGF-β value at 5 g L(-1) was less than those in the 15 and 10 g L(-1) salinity treatments. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) transcription did not significantly respond to either salinity regime. In total, acute salinity changes appeared to trigger reactive dysregulation of the immune response in tilapia, a situation which, when combined with additional co-occurring stressors such as sudden changes in temperature and/or dissolved oxygen, could make fish more susceptible to infectious diseases. Accordingly, these findings may help to explain how sudden environmental changes may initiate disease outbreaks and lead to critical declines in cultured or wild fish populations.

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“…It is further supposed that corals lack the memory and specificity of an adaptive-immune system. While corals and anemones use mucus production as a primary defense and possess a functional cellular immune system analogous to vertebrate immune systems, no humoral immunity has been identified in corals (Stoskopf 2006). Recent research and some historical studies suggest that corals may possess defense processes beyond the innate system of immunology (Hildemann et al 1977).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral immunology and resistance to disease

Reed¹,

Muller²,

Woesik³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Scleractinian corals (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa) have innate immunological responses against infections. Research has recently suggested that corals also possess an adaptivelike immunological repertoire that recognizes specific pathogens and allografts. While evolutionarily distinct, the corals' innate and adaptive-like immunity systems are not mutually exclusive because the phagocytic cells of the non-specific, innate immune system may activate specific adaptive immunological responses. Warming oceans may immunocompromise coral hosts, making them more susceptible to tropical marine diseases, independent of the virulence of the pathogen. The ability of corals to ward off both primary and opportunistic infections, through adaptive-like mechanisms, may play a critical role in the corals' ability to fight future disease infection. Here we show evidence that corals possess immunological repertoires that extend well beyond simple innate defenses. The extent to which corals have developed such an adaptive-like immune repertoire will determine whether corals will survive climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances.KEY WORDS: Coral · Anthozoan genome · Coral immunology · Holobiont · Coral amoebocytes · Symbionts · Compromised-host hypothesis · Acropora millepora Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 90: [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92] 2010 brates contain only innate-immune defenses. The Hildemann group found that isografts (using the same colony) of the Hawaiian stony coral Montipora verrucosa were consistently compatible and fused within days of grafting, whereas allografts (from different colonies) resulted in soft-tissue death. Furthermore, the reaction time was accelerated by almost 50% when the same allograft pairs were reset. The authors summarized their results as showing 'both specificity in transplantation alloimmunity and extensive antigenic polymorphism among genetically separate M. verrucosa. ' (Hildemann et al. 1977). Moreover, researchers discovered that Vibrio shiloi, the bacteria that previously infected the stony coral Oculina patagonica in the eastern Mediterranean, is now lysed upon entering the coral tissue . How is such an expanded immunological repertoire possible for scleractinian corals?Metazoan invertebrates have evolved polymorphic histocompatibility mechanisms without the use of antibodies. For example, the innate-immune response of a freshwater hydrozoan polyp was found to be mediated by unconventional toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling (Bosch et al. 2009). Additionally, genetic studies of a marine hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, revealed an invertebrate histocompatibility complex. Tools are now at hand to isolate homologs of higher chordate immune system molecules and identify invertebrate allorecognition determinants (Mokady & Buss 1996, Cadavid et al. 2004, Dishaw & Litman 2009). This type of genetic approach has not yet been fully applied to reef corals.Conventional wisdom suggests that scleractini...

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Coelenterates

Cited by 7 publications

References 54 publications

Protective effects of a synbiotic against experimentalSaprolegnia parasiticainfection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Protective effects of a synbiotic against experimentalSaprolegnia parasiticainfection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rapid decreases in salinity, but not increases, lead to immune dysregulation in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Coral immunology and resistance to disease

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