Coercion and Its Fallout

Sidman, Murray

doi:10.1177/019874299101600403

Cited by 226 publications

(351 citation statements)

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“…Many iterations of PBIS foundationally oppose aversive control (Carr et al 2002). This rejection is consistent with Sidman's assertion that aversive control is ineffective (Sidman 2000), and Skinner's assertions that aversive control is not only ineffective but also generates counter control (Skinner 1954). By contrast, many practitioners in mainstream ABA prefer to avoid using aversive control yet keep such techniques in their toolbox (BCBA code of conduct).…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support as Behavior Analysis in Practice: Why Is This Even Controversial?

Jarmolowicz

Tetreault

2015

Behav Analysis Practice

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The inclusion of Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports as a type of applied behavior analysis has often spurred considerable controversy. This controversy seems related to at least three areas of contention: measurement issues, views on aversive control, and the overall target of treatment. The present paper discusses these three areas in light of Horner and Sugai's target article and the current state of the field of applied behavior analysis. In the end, the authors are left wondering why this is even an ongoing controversy.Keywords Prevention . Positive behavioral intervention . Punishment . Methodology Some time back, certain behavior analytic practices came to be known as Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS). These applied practices, which focused on the use of positive reinforcement to the exclusion of aversive control, often incorporated person-centered planning processes in the core conceptualization of individual treatment and often focused on the class-or school-wide supports (Carr et al. 2002). PBIS was not a movement by fringe behavioral scientists, but rather from pillars of the behavior analytic community welltrained in behavior analytic principles and their application (e.g., Horner, Carr). Horner and Sugai's (2015) paper suggests that many of these scientists still identify with applied behavior analysis (ABA)-this is a good thing. Variability is good for our science (Madden 2013), and our hope is that the orthodoxy among some applied behavior analysts does not damage this ongoing relationship. In our experience, there are at least three areas of controversy.Area one is methodological. Horner and Sugai note that much measurement in PBIS pulls directly from the behavior analytic tradition. Many applied behavior analysts, however, criticize the proxy measures used in PBIS research (e.g., office referrals). They argue that these measures run contrary to the tradition of direct observation cherished by many applied behavior analysts. Although direct observation often is preferred to proxy measurement for determining intervention effects, the sheer scale of measurement, the topographical variation in the functional response classes targeted, and the risk of reactivity in many PBIS programs make direct observation impractical. These factors leave the researcher with two options: (1) do not attempt to answer questions of such large scope or scale, or (2) find a reasonable yet imperfect way to measure the effects of the independent variable on a behavior of relevance to consumers. In PBIS, the consumer is often a school or school district for which the orderly management of a classroom or other school environment is of primary interest. Much like a clean urinalysis reading suggests the absence of drug use in a participant in an intervention using contingency management, the fewer office referrals suggest less challenging behavior. We have little to say in favor of Option 1 as it betrays Skinner's all-encompassing vision for his science of behavior (Skinner 1954;1948) and...

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supporting

confidence: 70%

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support as Behavior Analysis in Practice: Why Is This Even Controversial?

Jarmolowicz

Tetreault

2015

Behav Analysis Practice

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“…In the presence of behavioral deficits, the offended response serves a discriminative function over the behavior that was predicted to occur under a set of conditions, yet it did not occur. The offended response in these circumstances differs from those discussed above as its function is not to reduce or terminate the presence of an aversive behavior, but instead to coerce the offender to engage in a particular behavior (see Sidman, 1989). Perhaps in many instances in which the victim stated a rule for the occurrence of a particular behavior and the offender failed to comply, these offended responses occur due to the effects of extinction of the rule presented.…”

Section: The Offended Response As a Discriminative Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…These aggressive responses will be referred to as defense responses, which operate similarly to offended responses but from the offender's perspective. These responses are a form of counter-control (Sidman, 1989;Skinner, 1953Skinner, , 1971 and they serve to terminate or punish the offended response. Defense responses may take the form of the offender denying fault, justifying actions, turning the tables (i.e., tu quoque), competing with the victim, etc.…”

Section: The Offended Response As a Discriminative Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Behavioral Analysis of Apologies, Forgiveness, and Interpersonal Conflict

Toney

Hayes

2017

Behav. Soc. Iss.

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Episodes of conflict can be among the most distressful experiences while interacting with others or within a relationship. There are a number of behaviors that occur to compose a conflict, however there are two behaviors that serve to restore a relationship following a conflict, those of apologizing and forgiving. While substantial attention has been provided to the issues of interpersonal conflict, apologizing, and forgiving from more traditional approaches, these accounts contrast with the views of behavior analysis in a number of ways. When the behaviors involved in interpersonal conflict are assessed from a behavioranalytic perspective, many of these traditional views are directly challenged. Furthermore, we find that the manner in which conflicts are normally resolved within relationships may be contributing to harmful patterns of interacting. The present paper aims to provide a thorough behavioral analysis of the operating contingencies and behaviors that occur during episodes of interpersonal conflict. With such an understanding, suggestions are made based on behavioral principles and procedures as to how resolution may be more readily achieved and further conflict may be avoided. KEYWORDS: conflict, apology, forgiveness, relationships, behavior analysis Relationships of every kind can be complicated and at times difficult for the individuals involved. While the majority of interactions within a relationship ideally are positive, it is almost unavoidable to experience a conflict of some sort. Individuals disagree, argue, insult, or cause pain to the other, all of which are likely distressing to those involved. These interactions can result in an array of unpleasant circumstances, such as avoidance, retaliation, or even the termination of a relationship. However, the behaviors of apologizing and forgiving serve to restore the relationship following a conflict; therefore, an examination seems warranted.The behaviors of apologizing and forgiving have become common features of our repertoires. The types of situations in which we engage in one or the other can vary greatly, such as when we abruptly walk in front of an individual at a grocery store to more substantial offenses as when a leader apologizes to a nation for wrongful action in war. These behaviors also occur across various types of relationships; a parent demands her child apologize to a sibling, and a partner proclaims to a spouse, "I deserve an apology." Being such common behaviors, apologizing and forgiving have received a great deal of attention from traditional fields. However, these accounts pose an array of differences when compared to those of behavior analysis. These differences, in general, pertain to the treatments of emotion, the emphasis on the form rather than the function of the responses involved, and the treatment of one independent individual's behavior.

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“…Trabalhando exclusivamente com ratos em diminutas câmaras experimentais, Skinner concluiu seu livro com a esperança de futuramente desenvolver uma linguagem para tratar do comportamento humano. Desde então, o pano de fundo de todo trabalho experimental na análise do comportamento tem sido o desenvolvimento de aplicações a questões da vida prática, de pesquisas básicas, desenvolvimento teórico, e de análises funcionais e conceituais voltadas à crítica social (e.g., Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950;Nevin, 2003;Sidman, 2001Sidman, , 2003Skinner, 1953Skinner, , 1969.…”

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Contingências De Seleção Cultural

Todorov

2014

REBAC

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ResumoPráticas culturais são fenômenos sociais mantidos por contingências que prevalecem em sociedades, grupos ou organizações. A abordagem comportamental das práticas culturais tem se caracterizado principalmente pela análise experimental do comportamento operante de pessoas consideradas individualmente. O conceito de metacontingência abriu a possibilidade de realização de pesquisas empíricas em uma área antes aberta apenas a interpretações. O presente artigo explora o conceito em experimentação de laboratório, na interpretação de experimentos naturais, e na análise de leis, regulamentos e instrumentos semelhantes, destinados a descrever contingência para a regulação do comportamento de pessoas vivendo em sociedade.Palavras-chave: análise do comportamento, cultura, práticas culturais, contingências sociais, metacontingências. AbstRActCultural practices are social phenomena maintained by contingencies that prevail in societies, groups, or organizations. The behavioral approach to cultural practices has been characterized primarily by the analysis of operant behavior of people working individually. The concept of metacontingency opened the possibility empirical research in an area previously only open to interpretation. The present paper explores the concept in laboratory experimentation, interpretation of natural experiments, and analysis of laws, regulations and similar instruments for describing contingency for regulating the behavior of people living in society.

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Coercion and Its Fallout

Cited by 226 publications

References 0 publications

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support as Behavior Analysis in Practice: Why Is This Even Controversial?

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support as Behavior Analysis in Practice: Why Is This Even Controversial?

A Behavioral Analysis of Apologies, Forgiveness, and Interpersonal Conflict

Contingências De Seleção Cultural

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