Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization

Rethinking mobility in criminology: Beyond horizontal mobilities of prisoner transportation

“…Our argument for attention towards the vertical, or voluminous dimensions of carceral life, is inspired -in part -by the work on carceral circuitry (see, for example, Clear et al 2003). Considering the challenges facing urban localities in the 21 st century, Clear and colleagues posit that incarceration is a key factor driving social disorganisation, alongside instances of crime, isolation, family breakdown and high unemployment (2003: 34).…”

“…This was often facilitated in 'divisions' 18 breaking the convict cargo into groups and permitting them in small cohorts to move up to the deck and then around it 9 . Likewise, John Duke on the Atlas, reports how a routine mobility on board was the 'rotation' or 'churning' (Clear et al 2003) Regularised movements up and down the levels of the ship were a 'usual' part of life on the convict ship and a way in which power permeated the three-dimensional structure, 'cutting through' the space (Weizman, 2003). These movements shaped incarcerated experience as convicts became accustomed to the motion of their bodies in accordance with the orders instructing them to the deck -to exercise, wash, air bedding, and pick oakum -and back down again.…”

The Independent and Joint Effects of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts

“…This disproportionate representation of racial and ethnic minorities remains a source of major concern, largely because it suggests the possibility of discrimination in the criminal justice system (Blumstein, 1982). Given the value we place on equal treatment under the law (Sampson & Lauritsen, 1997) and our increasing understanding of the potentially deleterious effects of incarceration on family formation (Lopoo & Western, 2005;Western & McLanahan, 2000), community organization (Clear, 2002;Clear, Rose, Waring, & Scully, 2003), and participation in a representative democracy (Uggen & Manza, 2002), it is critical that the overrepresentation of blacks and Hispanics in the criminal justice system not be further exacerbated by legal decision-making that unfairly disadvantages racial and ethnic minorities vis-à-vis other racial-ethnic groups.…”

New directions in offender typology design, development, and implementation: Can we balance risk, treatment and control?

“…Indeed, too much punishment could have the opposite effect. Two recent studies provide support for this contention, suggesting that there is a "tipping point" for incarceration levels that can be demonstrated at both the state level and the neighborhood level ( Liedka, Piehl, and Useem, 2006;Rose and Clear, 1998;Clear, Rose, Waring, and Scully, 2003). Incarceration reduces crime, they argue, but only up to a point.…”