“…To give an example, α-alumina [20] (purity >99.99%) behaves as a mixed conductor, being predominantly an ionic conductor at temperatures below 873°C, an electronic conductor at temperatures higher than 1323°C and a mixed conductor within the two temperatures ranges. Conductivity is influenced by intrinsic material properties such as the electronic structure, nature of bonding [28], presence of defects [29], grain size, stoichiometry, relative density, crystallinity and level of Figure 3. The temperature-dependence of conductivity of typical metallic, semiconductor (narrow and wide band gap) and ionic conductor, W (T m = 3380°C) [21], Cu (T m = 1084°C) [22], B 4.3 C (T m* = 2447°C) [23], SiC (T m* = 2730°C, 3.1 eV) [24], YSZ (T m ≈ 2700°C) [25], BaTiO 3 (T m = 1618°C, 1.55 eV) [26], Al 2 O 3 (T m = 2050°C) [27].…”