Coexistence of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Immunoglobulin G and Neuronal or Glial Antibodies in the Central Nervous System: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) has been considered a diagnostic marker for patients with demyelinating disease, termed “MOG-IgG associated disorder” (MOGAD). Recently, the coexistence of MOG-IgG and other neuronal or glial antibodies has attracted extensive attention from clinicians. In this article, we systematically review the characteristics of MOG-IgG-related antibody coexistence syndrome. Methods: Two authors independently searched PubMed for relevant studies published before October 2021. We also manually searched the references of each related article. The appropriateness of the included studies was assessed by reading the titles, abstracts, and full texts if necessary. Results: Thirty-five relevant publications that met our inclusion criteria were finally included, of which fourteen were retrospective studies and twenty-one were case reports. A total of 113 patients were reported to show the coexistence of MOG-IgG and neuronal or glial antibodies. Additionally, 68.14% of patients were double positive for MOG-IgG and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-IgG (NMDAR-IgG), followed by 23.01% of patients who were double positive for MOG-IgG and aquaporin4-IgG (AQP4-IgG). Encephalitis was the predominant phenotype when MOG-IgG coexisted with NMDAR-IgG, probably accompanied by imaging features of demyelination. Patients with dual positivity for MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG experienced more severe disease and more frequent relapses. The coexistence of MOG-IgG and antibodies other than NMDAR-IgG and AQP4-IgG was extremely rare, and the clinical presentations were diverse and atypical. Except for patients who were double positive for MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG, most patients with multiple antibodies had a good prognosis. Conclusions: MOG-IgG may coexist with neuronal or glial antibodies. Expanded screening for neuronal or glial antibodies should be performed in patients with atypical clinical and radiological features.

Efficacy of steroid therapy in the acute stage of anti-NMDAR and anti-MOG antibody overlapping encephalitis: a case report and literature review

“…Anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies exhibit a pathogenic nature ( 25 ). Given that patients with overlapping encephalitis frequently exhibit symptoms similar to anti-NMDAR encephalitis, including psychiatric symptoms and seizures ( 10 , 12 , 13 ), we believe that anti-NMDAR antibodies also have pathological significance in overlapping encephalitis. Furthermore, our study revealed that psychiatric symptoms and seizures were common.…”

“…Since Titulaer et al first reported an overlapping syndrome of anti-NMDAR and anti-MOG antibodies (8), a growing number of cases have been documented, and their clinical characteristics have become more apparent. Previous reviews have identified several features of this condition, including its higher prevalence in young men (9)(10)(11)(12)(13); symptoms similar to anti-NMDAR encephalitis, such as psychiatric symptoms and seizures (10,12,13); complex imaging findings with features of both anti-NMDAR encephalitis and MOGAD (10,12,13); and a generally favorable functional prognosis (9-13), despite the tendency for recurrence (9)(10)(11)(12). Initial treatment often involves steroids.…”