COF and MOF Hybrids: Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Recent advances in ordered porous materials, including metal‐organic (MOF) and covalent organic frameworks (COF), are set to revolutionize the strategies used for wastewater treatment. This is attributed to the large surface area, high crystallinity, structural tunability, thermal and chemical stability, and well‐defined structures of MOF and COF. Despite the distinctive properties exhibited by the single system (either MOF or COF), the combination of COF and MOF, as a hybrid construct, offers a remarkable opportunity to achieve superior functionality and performance. The favorable features of COF–MOF hybrids in different wastewater treatment sectors have opened new venues for effective environmental remediation. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art design, synthesis, and application of COF–MOF hybrids. The synthesis principles, including MOF‐first, COF‐first, and post‐synthetic linkage of pre‐synthesized COFs and MOFs are summarized. The potential of these novel materials is evaluated by considering contaminant sensing, adsorptive removal, and catalytic photodegradation.The conclusion is drawn by assessing the existing hurdles and potential opportunities in the development of COF‐MOF hybrids as an innovative yet viable approach for addressing wastewater treatment.

Novel ZIF-8/CNC Nanohybrid with an Interconnected Structure: Toward a Sustainable Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Cd(II) Ions

“…29 The CNC FTIR spectrum is consistent with the literature, indicating that the cellulosic structure of CNC was retained after the acidic hydrolysis. The broad absorption bands centered at 3345 and 2900 cm −1 correspond to O−H and sp 3 C−H stretching vibrations, respectively. 30 The peak seen at 1645 cm −1 is related to the O−H bending of the H-bond caused by adsorbed water.…”

“…In recent decades, industrial progress has severely impacted the environment by discharging numerous water pollutants, including organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, heavy metal ions, fluorides, etc. − Heavy metals in wastewater are a significant environmental concern because of their toxic nature and persistence in the environment, posing a significant threat to humans, animals, and plants, even at low concentrations . Cadmium, in particular, is known as one of the most hazardous heavy metals, commonly released into the environment through various industries such as paint preparation, pesticide production, electroplating, and battery production .…”

Recent Development of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Water Purification

“…81 The mechanism of radionuclides adsorption using MOFs is often driven by complex coordination interactions. 82 MOFs can be applied in nuclear waste storage and remediation efforts to effectively immobilize radionuclides and prevent their release into the environment. Rigorous analytical techniques, such as gamma spectroscopy or liquid scintillation counting, are used to monitor and confirm the removal and sequestration of radionuclides using MOFs (see Table S3).…”

“…MOFs can be designed on the basis of their ability to selectively adsorb certain radionuclides, which can be achieved through functionalization or by the intrinsic properties of the MOF structure, thereby allowing them to target specific radionuclides while excluding nonradioactive elements . The mechanism of radionuclides adsorption using MOFs is often driven by complex coordination interactions . MOFs can be applied in nuclear waste storage and remediation efforts to effectively immobilize radionuclides and prevent their release into the environment.…”

Recent Progress of Solid–Liquid Interface-Mediated Contact-Electro-Catalysis

“…Accordingly, novel catalytic nanoparticles can be designed with core−shell structures to achieve dualfunctionalities. For instance, the functional particle core can possess specific adsorption capability toward target organic pollutants (e.g., metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) 111 ) while the shell material is highly active in producing free radicals via CEC. Such a combination is expected to boost the degradation efficiency performance of selected nanoparticles.…”