Coffee Consumption and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Large Updated Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

Abstract

The potential role of coffee consumption in the development of various types of cancer has been extensively investigated in epidemiologic studies. How coffee consumption may modulate risk of gastric cancer, however, remains a subject open for investigation. To better quantify this relation, we quantitatively summarized evidence from prospective studies. Eligible studies were identified on PubMed databases. The summary risk estimates were obtained using the random-effects model. Subgroup, sensitivity and dose-response analyses were conducted. The present meta-analysis included 12 prospective cohort studies. A pooled analysis of these studies suggested that coffee consumption (highest vs. lowest consumption) was not associated with risk of gastric cancer (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.93–1.36). In the subgroup analysis, significant increased risk was detected in the U.S. studies (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.06–1.74) and in the studies with <10 years of follow-up (RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.00–1.54), and the greatest increase in risk was observed in those studies without adjustment for smoking (RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.13–1.93). There was some evidence of publication bias (P for Egger’s test = 0.03). Cumulative evidence from prospective studies suggests that coffee consumption is not associated with risk of gastric cancer. The observed positive results may be confounded by smoking and need further investigation.

Guidelines for endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer

“…Although some researchers have a negative view of the relationship between smoking and an increased risk of gastric cancer, 56 others have an affirmative view, 57,58 and the IARC refers to smoking as a carcinogen with sufficient evidence. Three meta‐analyses on the intake of coffee and risk of gastric cancer showed inconsistent results: one suggested that the intake of coffee is related to a decrease in the risk of gastric cancer, 59 another showed no correlation, 60 and the remaining one showed no correlation but suggested involvement in an increased risk of gastric cardiac cancer 61 . Similar results were obtained for the intake of green tea.…”

Effect of Coffee Consumption on the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

“…A recent similar meta-analysis included papers published before June 2014 and was published in September 2014 [ 4 ]. This meta-analysis pooled the relative risks comparing the highest versus lowest categories of coffee intake to obtain a summary estimate.…”

“…A recent meta-analysis has suggested that there was no statistically significant association between coffee consumption (highest vs. lowest consumption) and the risk of gastric cancer [ 4 ]. However, the meta-analysis included studies with different outcome measures (morbidity or mortality) and pooled studies with different coffee consumption categories.…”

Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review

“…In contrast, metaanalyses conducted for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers (33-35, 50, 65, 141); breast cancer (52,69,119,141); and pancreatic cancer (31,96,104,123,141) showed differences in the statistical significance of the effects, but not in the direction. Moreover, increments in statistical significance or changes in the direction of the association were found in meta-analyses of oral or laryngeal cancer (16,98,124), atrial fibrillation (caffeine exposure) (14,21), gastric cancer (3,27,67,76,112,135,136,143), bladder cancer (43,134,141,154), and Alzheimer's disease and cognitive disorders (caffeine exposure) (58, 79, 109) (Supplemental Table 1).…”