Coffee’s country of origin determined by NMR: The Colombian case

Comparison of Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid-Infrared, Near Infrared, and 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies for the Determination of Coffee’s Geographical Origin

“…Many efforts have been directed towards this aim. Techniques such as Gas Chromatography [ 1 , 2 ], Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry [ 3 , 4 ], Liquid Chromatography [ 5 ], Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy [ 6 ], Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry [ 7 – 13 ], Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry [ 8 , 11 , 12 ], Mass Spectrometry [ 14 ], mid-infrared (mIR) spectroscopy [ 15 – 19 ], near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy [ 19 – 23 ], and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) [ 24 – 27 ] have all been suggested to determine species or origin of coffee and thus detect adulteration with beans of lower quality. Moreover, combining output from several of these techniques in a single multivariate analysis has been shown to be useful for discriminating coffees from different continents [ 28 ].…”

“…Nontargeted approaches like fingerprinting based on NMR [ 25 , 27 ], mIR [ 17 – 19 ], and NIR [ 19 , 20 , 23 ] spectroscopies have been reported to be capable of discriminating samples from nearby geographic origins. This is considered a harder task when compared with discrimination between transcontinental samples and an absolute must for fraud detection in the Colombian context, since fraud is more likely to involve coffee from neighboring countries.…”

Food metabolomics: from farm to human

“…Since the metabolite profiles of certain food resources can differ depending on their geographical origins, metabolomics can be useful for determining their authenticity and traceability [14][15][16]. For example, the discrimination of geographical origins is particularly important for foods such as coffee [17], green tea [18], ginseng [19], grape [20], cheese, milk [21,22] and cattle [23]. Furthermore, monitoring the metabolic changes that are caused by climatic and seasonal factors can be useful for obtaining high-quality food resources [24,25].…”

Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy for Coffee Variety Identification: Comparison of Pattern Recognition Methods

“…In recent years, spectroscopy techniques have been reported as simple, fast, and reliable methods in different fields. Studies have been reported for identification of coffee varieties, coffee origin, and coffee blends using near-infrared spectroscopy [7][8][9], mid-infrared spectroscopy [10][11][12], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [13][14][15], and Raman spectroscopy [16][17][18]. These studies obtained good performance, indicating the feasibility of using spectroscopy techniques in coffee industries.…”