Cognition and the Risk of Hospitalization for Serious Falls in the Elderly: Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study

Welmerink, Diana B.; Longstreth, W. T.; Lyles, Mary F.; Fitzpatrick, Annette L.

doi:10.1093/gerona/glq115

Cited by 50 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Processing speed measures such as the Digit Symbol Substitution test (Wechsler, 1981) predicted driving cessation, both independently and after adjusting for effects of age and self-rated health/physical function (Anstey, Windsor, et al, 2006;Edwards et al, 2008). Additionally, decline of processing speed (as well as general cognitive, verbal, and memory abilities) has been linked to increases in rates of falling and fall risk in elderly participants (Anstey, von Sanden, & Luszcz, 2006;Welmerink, Longstreth, Lyles, & Fitzpatrick, 2010). Because mobility is such a key part of maintaining independence in later life, it would be ideal if brief measures of cognitive function, including processing speed and executive function, were employed to identify individuals at risk and to target the most effective and appropriate intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial Cognitive Performance Predicts Longitudinal Aviator Performance

Yesavage

Adamson

et al. 2011

The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences an

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P ROCESSING-SPEED theory proposes that much of the age-related decline observed in measures of fluid cognition can be accounted for by age-related slowing in the speed of elementary cognitive operations (Salthouse, 1996). A large body of research shows that both behavioral and brain measures of processing speed can account for a substantial proportion of age-related variance in fluid cognitive abilities (e.g., Birren & Fisher, 1995;Bucur et al., 2008;Kwong See & Ryan, 1995;Lindenberger, Mayr, & Kliegl, 1993;Salthouse, 1991;Taylor, O'Hara, Mumenthaler, Rosen, & Yesavage, 2005;Walhovd et al., 2005). Recently, a large study of twins confirmed that genetic variance for processing speed was a leading indicator of variation in a number of age-related cognitive changes (Finkel, Reynolds, McArdle, Hamagami, & Pedersen, 2009).Nonetheless, a processing speed model alone does not necessarily explain certain aspects of normal age-related decline in fluid abilities (Bugg, Zook, DeLosh, Davalos, & Davis, 2006;Schaie, 1989;Schretlen et al., 2000). In particular, decline in executive function has been proposed as a second mechanism underlying age-related decline in fluid cognition (Buckner, 2004;Dempster, 1992; Hasher & Zacks, 1988;Hasher, Zacks, & May, 1999;West, 1996).Although the best way to measure executive function remains a challenge, it has been suggested that executive function be characterized as a collection of related cognitive control processes, in particular, "updating" working memory representations, "shifting" mental set, "inhibiting" automatic or prepotent response to irrelevant information, and "coordinating" complex, sequential behaviors to reach a goal (Friedman et al., 2008). A number of behavioral and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated links among executive control processes and age-related differences in performance of working memory and episodic memory tasks that stress interference, temporal processing, recollection, or contextual binding (Gray, Chabris, & Braver, 2003;Gunning-Dixon & Raz, 2003;Head, Kennedy, Rodrigue, & Raz, 2009;Hedden & Park, 2001;Kwong See & Ryan, 1995;Taylor et al., 2005). Together the results of these studies imply that when examining the explanatory power of processing speed, it may be advantageous to also examine other cognitive abilities, such as executive function.Relatively few studies have examined the processingspeed theory from a longitudinal perspective (Hertzog, Dixon, Hultsch, & MacDonald, 2003;Schaie, 1989;Zimprich & Martin, 2002 Objectives. The goal of the study was to improve prediction of longitudinal flight simulator performance by studying cognitive factors that may moderate the influence of chronological age.Method. We examined age-related change in aviation performance in aircraft pilots in relation to baseline cognitive ability measures and aviation expertise. Participants were aircraft pilots (N = 276) aged 40-77.9. Flight simulator performance and cognition were tested yearly; there were an average of 4.3 (± 2.7; range 1-13) data points per participant. ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial Cognitive Performance Predicts Longitudinal Aviator Performance

Yesavage

Adamson

et al. 2011

The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences an

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“…This decrease in processing speed has been shown to be associated with a slow walking speed and a higher risk of falling (Holtzer et al, 2007;Owsley and McGwin, 2004;Rosano et al, 2012;Welmerink et al, 2010). A slower processing speed may also partly explain poorer navigation performance with aging (Kliegel et al, 2007;Salthouse and Siedlecki, 2007).…”

Section: Impact Of Cognitive Changesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians

Tournier

Dommès²,

Cavallo³

2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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a b s t r a c tAlthough old people make up an extremely vulnerable road-user group, older pedestrians' difficulties have been studied less extensively than those of older drivers, and more knowledge of this issue is still required. The present paper reviews current knowledge of older-adult problems with the main components of pedestrian activity, i.e., walking and obstacle negotiation, wayfinding, and road crossing. Compared to younger ones, old pedestrians exhibit declining walking skills, with a walking speed decrease, less stable balance, less efficient wayfinding strategies, and a greater number of unsafe road crossing behaviors. These difficulties are linked to age-related changes in sensorial, cognitive, physical, and self-perception abilities. It is now known that visual impairment, physical frailty, and attention deficits have a major negative impact on older pedestrians' safety and mobility, whereas the roles of self-evaluation and self-regulation are still poorly understood. All these elements must be taken into consideration, not only in developing effective safety interventions targeting older pedestrians, but also in designing roads and cars. Recent initiatives are presented here and some recommendations are proposed.

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“…먼저 내적 요인은 보행능 력 및 균형 감소 [3], 근력 약화 [4], 시력 저하 [5], 체질량 지수 저 하 [6], 일상생활수행능력 감소 [7]를 포함한다. 또한 인지기능 저하 [8], 우울 [9], 낙상두려움 [10], 요실금 [11], 향정신약물 복 용 [12]이 내적요인으로 알려져 있다. 낙상의 외적 요인은 보행 보조기 사용 [13], 바닥재, 조명, 안전손잡이, 미끄럼방지 매트 등의 물리적 환경 [14], 낙상과거력 [15] .880), 표본크기(Z=-0.58, p=.562), 나이(Z=1.56, p =.119)의 효과크기 차이가 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다.…”

Section: 홍선영·박희옥unclassified

A Meta-analysis of the Risk Factors related to Falls among Elderly Patients with Dementia

Hong

박희옥

2017

Korean J Adult Nurs

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to provide data about the risk factors related to falls among elderly patients with dementia using meta-analysis. Methods: Key words used for search through electronic database (CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, RISS, KISS, DBPIA, National Assembly Library) included 'dementia', 'Alzheimer', 'fall'. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis and 'R' version 3.2.2 was used to analyze the correlated effect size. Results: Study results showed that risk factors related to falls were identified as the demographic (age, gender, education), dementia-related (disease duration, cognition), physical (body mass index, walking, balance, activity of daily living, use of walking aids, number of medications including psychotropic drugs, musculoskeletal problems, parkinsonism, comorbidity), psychological (neuropsychiatric symptom, depression), environmental (Physical environment), and fall-related (fall history, high risk group of fall) factors. The effect size of risk factors such as high risk group of fall (r=.35), use of walking aids (r=.33), depression (r=.31), psychotropic drugs (r=.27), Musculoskeletal problems (r=.25) were higher than the other risk factors. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, strategies to improve elderly patient's depression, intensive care for high risk group of fall, and adequate training with walking aids are needed for prevention of falls in elderly patients with dementia. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Cognition and the Risk of Hospitalization for Serious Falls in the Elderly: Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study

Cited by 50 publications

References 41 publications

Initial Cognitive Performance Predicts Longitudinal Aviator Performance

Initial Cognitive Performance Predicts Longitudinal Aviator Performance

Review of safety and mobility issues among older pedestrians

A Meta-analysis of the Risk Factors related to Falls among Elderly Patients with Dementia

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