Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Responses Associated with Mechanical Tooth Movement

Cognitive behavioral therapy eases orthodontic pain: EEG states and functional connectivity analysis

“…Our results support a brief CBT for patients with orthodontic pain, to relieve pain symptoms and arouse brainwave changes in related regions during pain processing. Further, CBT possesses significant potential to be integrated into routine orthodontic treatment (Giddon et al , ), as it has hardly any adverse effects (Litt et al , ). Nevertheless, further neuroimaging research on its pain‐relieving effect is needed, to establish a clinically sound and accurate evaluation for CBT.…”

“…It has been documented that nearly 87% of teenage patients and 91% of adult patients reported pain during fixed orthodontic treatment (Haynes, ; Lew, ). While pain mechanisms underlying tooth movement remain incompletely understood and are probably multifactorial, the psychological aspect has received increasing attention in the last decade (Giddon et al , ) with growing recognition of the importance of the central neural system (CNS) among pain researchers and clinicians (Jensen, ). Concomitantly, various non‐pharmacological interventions which directly or indirectly target cortical or subcortical activity have been developed as ways to manage pain (Moseley and Flor, ).…”

A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of verbal behavior modification and acetaminophen on orthodontic pain

“…The primary outcome measurement was assessment of pain intensity measured by 100-mm VAS 28,42 at day 1 of the separator placement. The secondary outcome was pain intensity at 6 hours and at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days.…”

“…[22][23][24] In view of the existing literature, acetaminophen [25][26][27] is a safe choice for relieving orthodontic pain, as it acts by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-3 in the brain and causes only weak inhibition of peripheral prostaglandin synthesis. 28 Pain is a multidimensional subjective sensory phenomenon that is not only influenced by underlying pathology but also by many other biophysiological and psychosocial factors. 29 A longitudinal study 30 found a strong association between perceived pain and psychological factors.…”

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Orthodontic Pain Control

“…Psychological variables play a substantial role in the pain process (Leo, 2008), since it has been proved that pain intensity, threshold, and tolerance are influenced by personality, mood, perception, cognition, etc., and psychological treatments for pain have aroused much attention (Astin, 2004; Kashikar-Zuck, 2006; Leo, 2008; Rivest et al ., 2010; Verhoeven et al ., 2012). Some researchers have suggested applying psychological behavioral intervention to orthodontic pain (Giddon et al ., 2007).…”