Cognitive and motor development in children with vertically transmitted HIV infection

Blanchette, Nicholas; Lou^Smith, Mary; Fernandes-Penney, Alda; King, Susan; Read, Stanley

doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(01)80032-4

Cited by 55 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…One study looked at the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment associated with timing of HIV infection . Common themes that were found in these studies were that HIV infection increases the risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, namely cognitive and motor domains (Blanchette, et al, 2001;Macmillan, et al, 2001;Chase, et al, 2000;Smith, et al, 2000), and behavioural and cognitive domains reported by Nozyce et al (2006).…”

Section: Antiretroviral Eramentioning

confidence: 86%

“…HIV encephalopathy is likely to present more frequently in this time period as the first years of life are synonymous with rapid myelination as well as the most substantial development of the CNS (Willen, 2006;Blanchette, et al, 2001); the virus is infecting and thus damaging an immature CNS at a critical time point. It is also noted that there is a higher cumulative incidence of encephalopathy in children compared to adults during the first and second years post-infection (Tardieu, et al, 2000).…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Hiv Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literature reporting on the clinical manifestations of HIV encephalopathy in children can be confounded by: inconclusive definitions of HIV encephalopathy where only the extreme spectrum of the disease are observed; inclusion of children with opportunistic CNS infections or CNS tumours secondary to HIV; inclusion of children who may have suffered CNS damage through other factors such as intravenous drug use and/or alcohol abuse which is usually seen in studies from the developed world (Blanchette, et al, 2001;Chase, et al, 2000;Mellins, et al, 1994; and/or factors that increase poor early child development (poverty and, poor health and nutrition) which are commonly found in studies from the developing world.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Hiv Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cognitive delay in HIVinfected children has been well documented in numerous studies with a variety of clinical manifestations. These include: behavioural impairments, learning impairments, lower intellectual function, poor ability in sequential processing, attentiondeficit disorders; and spatial memory impairment (Ruel, et al, 2012;Grover, et al, 2007;Willen, 2006;Chase, et al, 2000;Blanchette, et al, 2001;Pearson, et al, 2000;Boivin, et al, 1995;Gay, et al, 1995;Brouwers, et al, 1995;Mellins, et al, 1994;.…”

Section: Cognitive Delaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors include: longitudinal design (except for those studies by: Rice, et al, 2012;Koekkoek, et al, 2008;Foster, et al, 2006;and, Blanchette, et al, 2001), larger sample sizes as a result of access to multiple research sites, use of valid and reliable outcome measures in addition to brain scanning and neurological assessment, and more structured inclusion and exclusion criteria.…”

Section: Antiretroviral Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental delay in HIV-exposed infants in Harare, Zimbabwe

Hutchings¹,

Potterton

2013

Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies

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The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the difference in development (cognition; receptive and expressive language; and fine and gross motor) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -exposed infected (HEI) infants with the development of HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). Sixty infants were enrolled in the study; 32 (53.33%) HEU infants and 28 (46.67%) HEI infants. The two groups were well-matched for infant demographics, anthropometry at birth, maternal demographics, as well as socioeconomic status. Statistically significant differences were found in anthropometry and development between the HEI and HEU group. The HEI infants had malnutrition, were stunted and had smaller head circumferences than HEU infants. The BSID-III showed that the mean developmental delay for the HEI group was approximately two months below their mean chronological age for all scales (cognitive; receptive and expressive communication; and, fine and gross motor age).The HEI group showed that 64.29% had cognitive delay, 60.71% had language delay and 53.57% had motor delay, all of which was significantly different from the development of the HEU group for all domains (p<0.001). In addition to using the BSID-III, the majority of mothers were able to correctly indicate whether their child was developing at the same, or at a slower rate of development than children of the same age. This study demonstrates that infants who are HIV-exposed and infected are at risk of developmental delay.

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Section: Antiretroviral Eramentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Hiv Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Hiv Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cognitive Delaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antiretroviral Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental delay in HIV-exposed infants in Harare, Zimbabwe

Hutchings¹,

Potterton

2013

Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies

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Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric HIV

Willen

2006

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Cognitive impairment has long been associated with the natural history of HIV among vertically infected children. In children, HIV may have a direct or indirect impact on the developing brain, may lead to global or highly specific consequences, and may be responsible for minor cognitive consequences or, conversely, long-term and severe disability. This differential impact is related to multiple factors that influence the individual expression of the virus in any given child. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature on neurocognitive outcomes for infants, children, and youth vertically infected with HIV, with attention to those factors impacting neurocognitive outcome within a developmental framework. Research findings in both the era preceding and following the introduction of combined therapies are reviewed, since many of the issues identified prior to state-of-the-art treatment currently available in the United States and other developed countries still apply in much of the developing world. Intervention issues and directions for future research are also discussed.

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