Cognitive aspects of prejudice

Tajfel, Henri

doi:10.1017/s0021932000023336

Cited by 292 publications

(308 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Hostile sexist beliefs in women's incompetence at agentic tasks characterize women as unfit to wield power over economic, legal, and political institutions, whereas benevolent sexism provides a comfortable rationalization for confining women to domestic roles. Similar ideologies (e.g., the "White man's burden") have been used in the past to justify colonialism and slavery (see Tajfel, 1969). Like hostile and benevolent sexism, these ideologies combine notions of the exploited group's lack of competence to exercise structural power with self-serving "benevolent" justifications ("We must bear the burden of taking care of them") that allow members of the dominant group to view their actions as not being exploitative.…”

Section: Sources Of Hostile and Benevolent Sexismmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

Glick

Fiske

1996

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

3,479

246

4,959

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The authors present a theory of sexism formulated as ambivalence toward women and validate a corresponding measure, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). The ASI taps 2 positively correlated components of sexism that nevertheless represent opposite evaluative orientations toward women: sexist antipathy or Hostile Sexism (HS) and a subjectively positive ( for sexist men ) orientation toward women, Benevolent Sexism (BS). HS and BS are hypothesized to encompass 3 sources of male ambivalence: Paternalism, Gender Differentiation, and Heterosexuality. Six ASI studies on 2,250 respondents established convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. Overall ASI scores predict ambivalent attitudes toward women, the HS scale correlates with negative attitudes toward and stereotypes about women, and the BS scale (for nonstudent men only) correlates with positive attitudes toward and stereotypes about women. A copy of the ASI is provided, with scoring instructions, as a tool for further explorations of sexist ambivalence."If woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person Is sexism a form of prejudice? Although the question might appear absurd, consider Allport's (1954) influential definition of ethnic prejudice. Prejudice, Allport wrote, "is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization" (p. 9). The existence of prejudice is commonly indexed by measures of antipathy, such as social distance (e.g., Crosby, Bromley, & Saxe, 1980) and negative stereotypes (e.g., Sigall & Page, 1971 ). Relationships between men and women, however, do not easily fit the mold of ethnic prejudice, at the very least because no other two groups have been as intimately connected (S. T. Fiske & Stevens, 1993). Furthermore, cultural images of women from ancient to modern times are not uniformly negative; women have been revered as well as reviled (Eagly & Mladinic, 1993;Guttentag & Secord, 1983;Tavris & Wade, 1984 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Peter Glick, Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54912-0599. Electronic mail may be sent via the Internet to peter.s.glick@lawrence.edu 491 indeed a prejudice, but in this article we argue that it is, and probably always has been, a special case of prejudice marked by a deep ambivalence, rather than a uniform antipathy,,toward women. Our goals are to: (a) reveal the multidimensional nature of sexism, (b) offer a theoretical and empirical analysis of the sources and nature of men's ambivalence toward women, (c) compare our conception of ambivalent sexism with other theories of ambivalence (including ambivalent racism), and (d) provide a validated measure of ambivalent sexism. Hostile and Benevolent SexismSexism has typically been conceptualized as a reflection of hostility toward women. This view neglects a significant aspect of sexism: the subjectively positive feelings toward women that often go hand in hand with sexist antipathy. We view sexism as a multidimensional construct that encom...

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Section: Sources Of Hostile and Benevolent Sexismmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

Glick

Fiske

1996

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

3,479

246

4,959

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In a broad sense, a person's social or collective identities provide a sense of coherence and placement in society (Deaux, 1993;Roccas & Brewer, 2002;Tajfel, 1969). The groups to which a person belongs need not interact.…”

Section: Conceptual Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, superordinate identification contributes to the formation of a coherent selfconcept (Deaux, 1993;Tajfel, 1969), based on a consistent and explainable set of group memberships (e.g., human rights activists are unlikely to identify with the National Rifle Association). Researchers have explored individuals' identification with, and disidentification from, organisations with congruent or incongruent values to their own (Elsbach & Bhattacharya, 2001;Foster & Hyatt, 2007;Lock & Filo, 2012).…”

Section: Superordinate Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multiple In-group Identity Framework

Lock

Funk

2016

Sport Management Review

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The effects of team identification on sport consumer behaviour are well established.Recent research, however, has moved beyond this perspective to examine the influence of groups within and beyond the team identity on consumption. Assimilating previous research findings, we advance a Multiple In-group Identity Framework (MIIF), which consists of three levels: (1) superordinate (i.e., team identity), (2) subgroup (e.g., specific stadium area), and (3) relational group (e.g., friends or family). The MIIF conceptualises the complex array of groups to which a consumer may belong within a superordinate identity. Each level includes groups with varying degrees of inclusiveness, homogeneity, and interpersonal attachment between members.Individuals seek out sub and relational group membership because solely identifying at the superordinate level may not provide optimal distinctiveness or sufficient interpersonal attachment. This provides additional self-concept benefits that nourish and operate in complement with the superordinate identification. The extent that different in-group identities influence behaviour relates to their importance in a consumer's self-concept and relevance to context. We provide implications for theory and practice.

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“…Research has shown that individuals may accept or avoid certain social identities depending on their negative or positive cognitive representation of such identities (Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004;Arndt, Greenberg, Schimel, Pyszczinski, & Solomon, 2002;Mussweiler, Gabriel, & Bodenhausen, 2000;Tajfel, 1969). Thus, individuals are motivated to identify with groups that provide a sense of positive social identity (Abrams & Hogg, 1988).…”

Section: Age-group Dissociation In the Context Of Old Agementioning

confidence: 99%

“They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age.

Weiss

Lang

2012

Psychology and Aging

263

254

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Age becomes an important self-defining aspect particularly during advanced age. With increasing age, negative attributes related to age and aging become salient. Aging-related declines, losses, as well as the finitude of life seem to threaten older adults' sense of self. We hypothesize that older adults will try to avoid the negative consequences of their age group membership by distancing themselves from their age group. Study 1 (N = 544, 65% women; 18-85 years of age) examined the role of age-group identification for self-conception and self-image (subjective age and future time perspective) across the life span. Results show that weakly identified older adults feel younger than their chronological age and report a more expanded future time perspective relative to their same-age counterparts. A second experiment (N = 68, 69% women; 65-85 years of age) tested the impact of age stereotypes on older adults' level of age-group identification. Results suggest that older adults are more likely to psychologically dissociate themselves from their age group when negative age stereotypes are salient. Discussion focuses on (mal)adaptive consequences of age-group dissociation in later adulthood. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024887Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-53111 Accepted Version Originally published at: Weiss, David; Lang, Frieder R (2012). "They" are old but "I" feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age. Psychology and Aging, 27(1):153-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024887 "They" are old but "I" feel younger -1 RUNNING HEAD: "THEY" ARE OLD BUT "I" FEEL YOUNGER "They" are old but "I" feel younger:Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age "They" are old but "I" feel younger -2 AbstractAge becomes an important self-defining aspect particularly during advanced age. With

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Cognitive aspects of prejudice

Cited by 292 publications

References 13 publications

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

The Multiple In-group Identity Framework

“They” are old but “I” feel younger: Age-group dissociation as a self-protective strategy in old age.

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