Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Astin, Millie C.; Resick, Patricia A.

doi:10.1016/b978-008043433-9/50008-0

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 55 publications

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“…Thus, once adaptive responses for handling an environmental stressor are now maladaptive. It is these maladaptive responses (i.e., PTSD symptoms) that are treated by all evidence-based psychosocial treatments for PTSD (e.g., Astin & Resick, 1998; Cahill, Rothbaum, Resick, & Follette, 2009; Foa, Hembree, & Rothbaum, 2007; Riggs & Foa, 2009).…”

Section: Summary and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress.

Bovin

Marx

2011

Psychological Bulletin

134

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In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev., DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion A2 stipulates that an individual must experience intense fear, helplessness, or horror during an event that threatened the life or physical integrity of oneself or others to be eligible for the PTSD diagnosis. In considering this criterion, we describe its origins, review studies that have examined its predictive validity, and reflect on the intended purpose of the criterion and how it complements the mission of the DSM. We then assert that the predictive validity of Criterion A2 may not be an appropriate metric for evaluating its worth. We also note that the current Criterion A2 may not fully capture all the salient aspects of the traumatic stress response. To support this claim, we review empirical research showing that individuals adapt to extreme environmental events by responding in a complex and coordinated manner. This complex response set involves an individual's appraisal regarding the degree to which the event taxes his or her resources, as well as a range of other cognitions (e.g., dissociation), felt emotions (e.g., fear), physiological reactions (e.g., heart rate increase), and behaviors (e.g., tonic immobility). We provide evidence that these response components may be associated with the subsequent development of PTSD. We then describe the challenges associated with accurately assessing an individual's traumatic stress response. We conclude with a discussion of the need to consider the individual's immediate response when defining a traumatic stressor.

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Section: Summary and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress.

Bovin

Marx

2011

Psychological Bulletin

134

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Scriptotherapy: The effects of writing about traumatic events.

Smyth

Greenberg²

2000

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Sickness and Health.

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Emotion in humanistic psychotherapy.

Greenberg¹,

Korman²,

Paivio³

2002

Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice.

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Humanistic therapies have often been characterized as proposing that getting in touch with one's feelings is the core element of psychological health and change. Although this characterization is an unwanted oversimplification, it is true that awareness of feelings has been a central feature of humanistic therapy. Rogers (1959), for example, defined feeling as an emotionally toned experience with its personal meanings and saw empathic responses to feelings as a central ingredient of therapy. For Rogers, feelings referred to the synthesis of emotion and cognition as they are experienced in the moment, and he proposed early on (Rogers, 1942) that the expression of feelings was therapeutic. He constructed two process measures related to feelings for rating in-session changes: the Feelings and Personal Meanings Scale and the Experiencing Scale. Therapeutic change on these dimensions involved movement from a process that is rigid, static, and unfeeling to one in which feelings are accepted and experienced in an immediate, fluid, and deep fashion (Rogers, 1961). Gendlin (1962, 1974, 1996) viewed feeling as a complex bodily felt sense associated with all meaningful acts. He distinguished between felt experience and "sheer" emotion, viewing emotional expression as clinically less productive than putting a bodily felt sense into words.Perls ( 1973) and the Gestalt psychotherapy movement saw emotion as the force that energized all action. Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman (1951) defined emotion as people's direct evaluative experience of the field that provides knowledge of the objects appropriate to their needs. Perls et al. saw emotion as the integrative awareness of a relation between people and their environment. In this view, emotion integrates bodily action, the 499

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Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Cited by 3 publications

References 55 publications

The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress.

The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress.

Scriptotherapy: The effects of writing about traumatic events.

Emotion in humanistic psychotherapy.

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