Cognitive dietary restraint score is associated with lower energy, carbohydrate, fat, and grain intake among female adolescent endurance runners

Wood, Kristen L.; Barrack, Michelle T.; Gray, Virginia; Cotter, Joshua A.; Loan, Marta D. Van; Rauh, Mitchell J.; McGowan, Rachel; Nichols, Jeanne F.

doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101460

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Studies from various countries and different sports agree that adolescent athletes, who report disordered eating attitudes, consume less than the required energy through their nutrition plan [65,66] and that athletes that choose unhealthy ways to control their weight have lower energy availability than athletes who don't engage in unhealthy behaviors [67,68]. Using the commonly agreed limit of 30 kcal/kg FFM/day, studies have found that 30% to 60% of athletes experience low energy availability [66,[69][70][71][72].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of 390 elite female athletes in Japan found that among adolescent female athletes, the risk of stress fractures was increased by 12.9 times in those with secondary amenorrhea, 4.5 times in those with low BMD for the whole body, and by 1.1 times in those with a low ratio of actual body weight to ideal body weight [94]. Finally, a recent study on 40 adolescent female endurance runners in the USA found that the athletes with elevated cognitive dietary restriction exhibited significantly lower BMD Z-scores in lumbar spine compared to the athletes with normal eating behavior [68].…”

Section: Low Bone Mass Densitymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In another study of 77 adolescent female swimmers also in Brazil, all the athletes who consumed less than 30 kcal/kg FFM/day presented disordered eating behaviors [67]. Moreover, Wood et al (2021) found that female adolescent endurance runners with a high level of cognitive dietary restraint reported lower energy consumption than runners without dietary restraint [68]. Low energy availability has also been reported in 36% of female high-school athletes of various sports [69], in adolescent female acrobatic gymnasts, where the average energy intake was 32.8 ± 9.4 kcal/kg FFM/day [70], in female adolescent elite football players in Germany, with 53% of them reporting energy availability of less than 30 kcal/kg lean body mass/day [71] and in female and male high-school cross-country runners in the USA, with 30% and 60% respectively meeting the criteria for LEA [72].…”

Section: Low Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Costa et al (2013) found that adolescent athletes with disordered eating behaviors presented lower protein and calcium intakes, while 70% of them had carbohydrate intake below the recommended levels [67]. Wood et al (2021) found that female adolescent endurance runners that intentionally restricted their dietary intakes had lower carbohydrate intake than runners with normal eating attitudes [68]. Higher scores in the Eating Attitudes Test 26 (EAT26 screening tool) were also associated with lower micronutrient intakes in a study of 21 adolescent competitive female figure skaters [82].…”

Section: Macronutrient and Micronutrient Deficienciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, the results of studies among adolescent athletes show that menstrual irregularities are quite common in this group and are linked to disordered eating and low energy availability [19,20,25,60,[89][90][91]. Moreover, several studies in adolescent athletes have found a correlation between low bone mass and both disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction [20,25,68,[90][91][92][93][94].…”

Section: Low Bone Mass Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional Risks among Adolescent Athletes with Disordered Eating

Κοντελέ

Vassilakou

2021

Children

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In their attempt to achieve the optimum weight or body shape for their activity, athletes frequently use harmful weight-control practices that may lead to the development of disordered eating or eating disorders. These practices are linked to several medical and mental consequences that may be more serious in adolescent athletes, as their bodies must meet both intensive growth demands and training requirements at the same time. Among other consequences, adolescent athletes may be at nutritional risk, due to their high nutrient needs and unhealthy eating behaviors. A literature review was conducted to examine the main nutritional risks and malnutrition issues faced by adolescent athletes that present disordered eating attitudes or eating disorders. Most studies refer to adult elite athletes, however research on adolescent athletes also indicates that the most common nutritional risks that may arise due to disordered eating include energy, macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances and changes in body composition that may lead to menstrual abnormalities, and decreased bone mass density. Educational programs and early detection of disordered eating and eating disorders are crucial to avoid the emergence and ensure timely management of nutrition-related problems in the vulnerable group of adolescent athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Low Bone Mass Densitymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Low Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macronutrient and Micronutrient Deficienciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Low Bone Mass Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nutritional Risks among Adolescent Athletes with Disordered Eating

Κοντελέ

Vassilakou

2021

Children

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Do British and Chinese adolescents snack for different reasons? A cross-country study using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and eating styles

2023

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Interrelationships between stress, eating attitudes, and metabolism in endurance athletes across a competitive season

Lundstrom,

De Souza,

Don

et al. 2024

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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A competitive sport season represents a multidimensional stressor where physical and psychological stress may render an athlete susceptible to energy deficiency (ED). Downstream effects of ED can include a reduction in measured-to-predicted resting metabolic rate (RMRratio), indicating metabolic compensation. A pathway linking stress, eating attitudes, metabolic compensation has not been explored. To test if sport-specific stress is associated with eating attitudes and metabolism in endurance athletes (18-22yr) at different phases of a competitive season, we assessed two groups of athletes; 26 swimmers (15 female, 11 male) during peak season (PEAK), and 26 runners (female); across pre- (PRE) and off-season (OFF). Stress (RESTQ-52), eating attitudes (cognitive restraint (CR), drive for muscularity (DM), and body dissatisfaction (BD)), and metabolism (RMRratio) were assessed. In PRE, sport-specific stress and CR were negatively correlated with RMRratio (R=-.58; p<.05, R=-.55; p<.05, respectively). In PEAK, sport-specific stress and DM were negatively correlated with RMRratio (R=-.64; p<.05; R=-.40; p<.05, respectively). DM was positively related to sport-specific stress (R=.55; p<.05). During OFF, there was no relation between RMRratio and sport-specific stress. In runners, there was a change in stress from PRE-to-OFF with highest reported stress during PRE (p<.05) versus OFF. Regression analyses revealed that sport-specific stress and CR were significant predictors of RMRratio during PRE and PEAK (p<.05), but not OFF (p>.05). Associations between stress, eating attitudes, and metabolic compensation in endurance athletes during PRE and PEAK season suggest that during heavier training, metabolic compensation may be linked to upstream eating attitudes associated with sport-stressors.

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Cognitive dietary restraint score is associated with lower energy, carbohydrate, fat, and grain intake among female adolescent endurance runners

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Nutritional Risks among Adolescent Athletes with Disordered Eating

Nutritional Risks among Adolescent Athletes with Disordered Eating

Do British and Chinese adolescents snack for different reasons? A cross-country study using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and eating styles

Interrelationships between stress, eating attitudes, and metabolism in endurance athletes across a competitive season

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