Cognitive function in HIV-seropositive Nigerians without AIDS

Salawu, FK; Bwala, Sunday A; Wakil, MA; Bani, Bukar; Bukbuk, David; Kida, Ibrahim Musa

doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.10.013

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Previously, such studies have utilized either the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI ‘D’) or, in studies that we previously reported, the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) (Hall et al, 2000; Odiase et al, 2006; Royal, III et al, 2012; Salawu et al, 2008). Infected individuals studied using both approaches showed evidence of worse cognitive status as compared to SN subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive impairment associated with predominantly early stage HIV infection in Abuja, Nigeria

et al. 2014

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Detailed neuropsychological testing was performed on 134 HIV seropositive (SP) and 77 HIV seronegative (SN) individuals, 86% with early stage HIV infection in Nigeria, to determine the frequency of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment among the HIV-infected group. Twenty-two tests were administered to assess the following seven ability domains: speed of information processing (SIP); attention/working memory (AWM); executive functioning (EF); learning (LN); memory (MEM); verbal fluency (VF); and motor speed/dexterity (MSD). Demographically corrected individual test scores and scores for each domain or reflecting a global deficit (a global deficit score, or GDS) were compared for the SP and SN groups. SP participants were older, had fewer years of education, were more likely to be married, differed in ethnicity and had higher depression scores than SN individuals. On the testing, SP performed worse than SN on four tests that individually assessed LN, VF and MSD (the timed gait). SP subjects, however, performed better than SN on the finger-tapping test, also a motor task. Within the seven ability domains, SP performed worse than SN with respect to SIP, EF, LN, MEM and VF and also on the global measure. SP were also more frequently impaired on tests of SIP, and there was a borderline increase in the frequency of global impairment. Performance by SP subjects was not associated with CD4 counts. However, there were significant correlations between viral load measurements and individual tests of SIP, EF, LN and VF and with overall EF and a borderline correlation with the GDS. Depression scores for SP were associated with impairment on only a single test of EF. These results demonstrate that the ability of these assessments to identify areas of impairment that may be specifically linked to a history of HIV infection among individuals in Nigeria. Confirmation of these findings awaits analyses using data from a larger number of control subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive impairment associated with predominantly early stage HIV infection in Abuja, Nigeria

et al. 2014

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“…42 The study included HIV-positive individuals who had more advanced HIV infection than those in the WHO study. 39 Salawu and colleagues 43 studied the cognitive function in 60 asymptomatic, treatment-naïve HIVpositive Nigerians. These individuals differed significantly from individually matched, HIV-negative control subjects, and 56.6% showed cognitive impairment (at least one test -2 SD), compared to 13.3% in the control group.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CD4 cell count of the HIV-positive subjects had no significant correlation with the cognitive test scores, suggesting that cognitive changes during asymptomatic and early symptomatic HIV infection were not the result of immunosuppression in this group of patients. 43 The different frequency of HAD in different regions raise the possibility that HIV subtypes, or clades, might have different biological properties with respect to their capacity to cause HIV-associated cognitive impairment. 39 In North America and Europe, clade B is the predominant HIV-1 subtype, while in Africa several different subtypes with different distribution are known.…”

Section: 8mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV infection and psychiatric illness

Owe‐Larsson

Säll²,

Salamon³

et al. 2009

Afr. J. Psych

143

125

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Introduction HIV is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) retrovirus that is the causative agent for AIDS. HIV belongs to the Lentivirus genus in the family Retroviridae, characterized by a replication cycle in which the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into a DNA proviral form that is integrated into the host cell genome. The retrovirus is composed of two copies of single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus's 9 genes. The RNA is non-covalently linked to the core proteins, which in turn is surrounded by a viral envelope, which enables the virus to enter cells by binding to a specific cellular receptor located on the surface of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cells. 1 A few years after the discovery of HIV-1, a second virus, HIV-2, was found in West Africa. HIV-1 and HIV-2 differ regarding their content of the genome, resulting in lower AIDS rates in HIV-2 infected individuals. 2 Once exposed to the body, the HIV virus antibodies may be detected after an acute flu-like illness, and then proceeds to infect specific cells of the immune system during an asymptomatic period that may last for years. In order to enter a cell, HIV must bind to CD4, typically found on T lymphocytes, blood monocytes, macrophages and some dendrite cells, and subsequently to one or a combination of several possible chemokine co-receptors, usually CCR5 and CXCR4. 3,4 The late HIV infection and psychiatric illness B Owe-Larsson, L Säll, E Salamon, C Allgulander Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Objective: To review the clinical features and current knowledge on the treatment of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Method: We searched the PubMed database combining HIV/AIDS with different keywords for psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms (e.g. depression, mania, anxiety, psychosis, dementia, substance abuse) and for psychopharmacological treatment. The years covered by these searches included 1980 to 2008. Results: Patients with HIV infection are at an increased risk of psychiatric illness. Major depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms, as well as anxiety disorder and substance abuse are more prevalent among HIV infected individuals than among the general population. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are common among HIV patients, and HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is a serious condition during the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage of HIV disease. Secondary mania and psychosis might be the first clinical symptom of HIV dementia. The introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in significant decreases in morbidity and mortality for HIV infected patients. HAART has also decreased the incidence of HAD, but does not give complete protection from this condition. The utility of psychotropic medications in HIV patients has not been studied sufficiently as a basis for guidelines, and more controlled trials are n...

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“…The higher the CSID score the better the cognitive performance of the testee. To estimate the degree of dysfunction in the study population, a definition of neuropsychological impairment that was a function of each subject's cognitive test scores as demonstrated among HIV-seropositive Nigerians by Salawu et al [38] was adopted.…”

Section: Cognitive Test Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%