Cognitive Function Is Associated With Multiple Indices of Adiposity in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Sakib, Mohammad Nazmus; Ramezan, Reza; Thompson, Mary E.; Best, John R.; Hall, Peter A.

doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001099

Cited by 4 publications

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“…Obesity is negatively associated with several indicators of cognitive function in adult populations; however, this relationship is less well studied in children and adolescents. A number of studies reported that excess adiposity in childhood is negatively associated with neurocognitive task performance .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4] Overweight children tend to remain overweight throughout their adulthood, and this excess adiposity substantially increases their risk of developing noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, and other chronic conditions at an early age. 2 Obesity is negatively associated with several indicators of cognitive function in adult populations [5][6][7][8] ; however, this relationship is less well studied in children and adolescents. A number of studies reported that excess adiposity in childhood is negatively associated with neurocognitive task performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bidirectional Associations Between Adiposity and Cognitive Function and Mediation by Brain Morphology in the ABCD Study

2023

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ImportanceMost epidemiologic studies examine the brain as an outcome in relation to adiposity (ie, the brain-as-outcome perspective), but it is also a potential risk factor associated with adiposity accumulation over time (ie, the brain-as–risk factor perspective). The bidirectionality hypothesis has not been fully explored in adolescent samples previously.ObjectiveTo assess bidirectional associations between adiposity and cognitive function in youth and test mediational pathways through brain morphology (specifically the lateral prefrontal cortex [LPFC]), lifestyle behaviors, and blood pressure.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study uses data (wave 1-3; 2 years of follow-up) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a long-term longitudinal investigation of brain development in the United States launched in 2015, which recruited 11 878 children aged 9 to 10 years at inception. Data analysis was performed from August 2021 to June 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMultivariate multivariable regression analyses were used to assess bidirectional associations of indicators of cognitive function (eg, executive function, processing speed, episodic memory, receptive vocabulary and reading skills) and adiposity (eg, body mass index z scores [zBMI] and waist circumference [WC]). Mediators considered for this investigation were lifestyle variables (eg, diet and physical activity), blood pressure, and the morphology of the LPFC and its subregions.ResultsA total of 11 103 individuals (mean [SD] age, 9.91 [0.6] years; 5307 females [48%]; 8293 White individuals [75%] and 2264 Hispanic individuals [21%]) were included in the current study. Multivariate multivariable regression analyses revealed that higher baseline zBMI and WC were associated with worse follow-up episodic memory (β, −0.04; 95% CI, −0.07 to −0.01) and better vocabulary (β, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.002 to 0.06) task performance, in covariate adjusted models. Similarly, superior baseline executive function (zBMI: β, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.01; WC: β, −0.04; 95% CI, −0.07 to −0.01) and episodic memory (zBMI: β, −0.04; 95% CI, −0.07 to −0.02; WC: β, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.002) task performance were associated with better follow-up adiposity status in covariate adjusted models. Cross-lagged panel models with latent variable modeling had a bidirectional association with executive function task performance (brain-as-outcome: β, −0.02; 95% CI, −0.05 to −0.001; brain-as–risk factor: β, −0.01; 95% CI, −0.02 to −0.003). The hypothesized associations were statistically mediated by LPFC volume and thickness, physical activity, and blood pressure.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, executive function and episodic memory were bidirectionally associated with adiposity indices over time in this adolescent sample. These findings suggest that the brain can be both a risk factor and an outcome of adiposity; this complex bidirectional association should be taken into account in future research and clinical practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional Associations Between Adiposity and Cognitive Function and Mediation by Brain Morphology in the ABCD Study

2023

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Body Composition, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 and 2011–2014

Booranasuksakul,

Macdonald,

Stephan

et al. 2024

Journal of the American Nutrition Association

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Bidirectional Associations Between Adiposity and Cognitive Function: A Prospective Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)

Sakib

Best

Ramezan

et al. 2022

The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

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Objectives Theoretical perspectives suggest that adiposity and cognitive function may be bidirectionally associated, but this has not been examined in a large-scale dataset. The current investigation aims to fill this gap using a large, representative sample of middle-aged and older adults. Methods Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA; n = 25,854), the bidirectional hypothesis was examined with three indicators of cognitive function (i.e., executive function, processing speed and verbal fluency) and adiposity (i.e., waist circumference [WC], body mass index [BMI] and total fat mass). We used multivariate multivariable regression and structural equation modeling to assess the prospective associations between adiposity and cognitive indicators. Results Analyses revealed that higher baseline WC was associated with higher Stroop interference at follow-up for both middle-aged (standardized estimate, β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.06, 0.10) and older adults (β = 0.07, 95% CI 0.04, 0.09). Similarly, higher baseline Stroop interference was also associated with higher follow-up WC in middle-aged (β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.06, 0.10) and older adults (β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.01, 0.06). Effects involving semantic fluency and processing speed were less consistent. The above effects were similar to those observed using other adiposity indicators (e.g., BMI, total fat mass) and were robust to adjustment for demographics and other cofounders, and when using latent variable modeling of the adiposity variable. Conclusion Evidence for a bidirectional relationship between adiposity and cognitive function exists, though the associations are most reliable for executive function and primarily evident at mid-life.

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Cognitive Function Is Associated With Multiple Indices of Adiposity in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 47 publications

Bidirectional Associations Between Adiposity and Cognitive Function and Mediation by Brain Morphology in the ABCD Study

Bidirectional Associations Between Adiposity and Cognitive Function and Mediation by Brain Morphology in the ABCD Study

Body Composition, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 and 2011–2014

Bidirectional Associations Between Adiposity and Cognitive Function: A Prospective Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)

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