Cognitive Impairment with No Dementia (CIND): Longitudinal Studies, the Findings, and the Issues

Tuokko, Holly; Frerichs, Robert J.

doi:10.1076/clin.14.4.504.7200

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…For many people, CIND can be considered an intermediate state between 'no CI' and dementia. Indeed, approximately 50% of the persons with CIND progress to dementia within 5 years [32,33] , a rate of progression to dementia that is consistent across CIND subtypes [33] . Although two studies [5,6] use the term CI, their diagnosis of CI is based on a screening test for dementia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive-Impairment-Free Life Expectancy for Canadian Seniors

Dubois

Hébert²

2006

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background/Aims: While cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia are among the most common morbid conditions in later life, life expectancies free from CI or dementia have been the object of much less investigation than life expectancy based on measures of physical functioning. Methods: We estimated sex-specific CI-free life expectancy in Canada for people aged 65 and older using data from a nationwide, multicenter Canadian study on the epidemiology of dementia. Results: The absolute number of years with CI remains virtually constant with increasing age. Whatever the current age, senior men can expect to live 2.5–3 years of their remaining life with some form of CI and about 1.5 years of those with dementia. For women, these figures rise to 3–4 years with CI, of which 2–2.5 years are spent with dementia. Conclusion: Surviving to an older age does not result in a longer average absolute period of CI. This period is associated with a significant reduction in quality of life, the use of home and institutional services, as well as psychological and physical distress for formal and informal caregivers. Results are compared to findings reported in other countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive-Impairment-Free Life Expectancy for Canadian Seniors

Dubois

Hébert²

2006

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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“…In community samples, transition from CIND/MCI to dementia occurs (on average) in 12-15% per year, although these rates vary 4 . Proposed risk factors for transition to dementia include cardiovascular variables 5 , stroke 6 , and APOE ε4 status 7 .…”

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as Risk Factors for Progression From CIND to Dementia: The Cache County Study

Peters¹,

Rosenberg²,

Steinberg³

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

133

104

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Objectives To examine the association of neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) severity with risk of transition to all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD). Design Survival analysis of time to dementia, AD, or VaD onset. Setting Population-based study. Participants 230 participants diagnosed with cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) from the Cache County Study of Memory Health and Aging were followed for a mean of 3.3 years. Measurements The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was used to quantify the presence, frequency, and severity of NPS. Chi-square statistics, t-tests, and Cox proportional hazard ratios were used to assess associations. Results The conversion rate from CIND to all-cause dementia was 12% per year, with risk factors including an APOE ε4 allele, lower MMSE, lower 3MS, and higher CDR sum-of-boxes. The presence of at least one NPS was a risk factor for all-cause dementia, as was the presence of NPS with mild severity. Nighttime behaviors were a risk factor for all-cause dementia and of AD, while hallucinations were a risk factor for VaD. Conclusions These data confirm that NPS are risk factors for conversion from CIND to dementia. Of special interest is that even NPS of mild severity are a risk for all-cause dementia or AD.

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“…Although there is not full consensus on the definition of a low memory score (Bennett, 2003;Dubois et al, 2007;Luis et al, 2003), many clinicians and researchers consider an age-and educationadjusted score that is at least 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean to be unusually low and sufficient to meet psychometric criteria for amnestic MCI (see two recent consensus papers: Gauthier et al, 2006;Portet et al, 2006). There has been consistent evidence that individuals with amnestic MCI (i.e., both single and multiple domain amnestic MCI) are at a significantly higher risk of progressing to dementia (10-15% per annum) than those with normal cognitive functioning (Bennett, 2003;Bischkopf et al, 2002;Bruscoli & Lovestone, 2004;DeCarli, 2003;Luis et al, 2003;Modrego, 2006;Panza et al, 2005;Shah et al, 2000;Smith et al, 2006;Tuokko & Frerichs, 2000). However, MCI remains a challenging entity to define and provide prognosis for on an individual basis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

Brooks

Iverson

Holdnack³

et al. 2008

J Inter Neuropsych Soc

144

142

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The psychometric criterion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) generally involves having an unusually low score on memory testing (i.e., 21.5 SDs). However, healthy older adults can obtain low scores, particularly when multiple memory measures are administered. In turn, there is a substantial risk of psychometrically misclassifying MCI in healthy older adults. This study examined the base rates of low memory scores in older adults (55-87 years; n 5 550) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III; Wechsler, 1997b) standardization sample. The WMS-III consists of four co-normed episodic memory tests (i.e., Logical Memory, Faces, Verbal Paired Associates, and Family Pictures) that yield eight age-and demographically-adjusted standard scores (Auditory Recognition and Working Memory tests not included). When the eight age-adjusted scores were examined simultaneously, 26% of older adults had one or more scores at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., 21.5 SDs). On the eight demographicallyadjusted scores, 39% had at least one score at or below the 5th percentile. There was an inverse relationship between intellectual abilities and prevalence of low memory scores, particularly with the age-adjusted WMS-III scores. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce the overinterpretation of low memory scores and minimize false-positive misclassification. (JINS, 2008, 14, 463-478.)

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Cognitive Impairment with No Dementia (CIND): Longitudinal Studies, the Findings, and the Issues

Cited by 76 publications

References 73 publications

Cognitive-Impairment-Free Life Expectancy for Canadian Seniors

Cognitive-Impairment-Free Life Expectancy for Canadian Seniors

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as Risk Factors for Progression From CIND to Dementia: The Cache County Study

Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: A study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults

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