Cognitive Interviewing for Item Development: Validity Evidence Based on Content and Response Processes

Peterson, Christina Hamme; Peterson, N. Andrew; Powell, Kristen Gilmore

doi:10.1080/07481756.2017.1339564

Cited by 240 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A questionnaire, Health and Well‐being (HW), was developed based on literature and previously validated instruments by an interdisciplinary team of clinical experts. The HW was pretested with mothers of both LPT and term infants using cognitive interviewing (Peterson, Peterson, & Powell, ). The HW included questions on feeding progression (i.e., initiation and continuation of breastfeeding, exclusivity, and method); infant's feeding behaviour (i.e., sucking, stamina, awakeness, duration, and frequency of feedings and rhythm); maternal feeding difficulties (i.e., milk supply, mastitis, milk leakage, cracked nipples, and experiences of feeding); and usage of breastfeeding interventions related to breastfeeding (i.e., expressing breast milk, test‐weighing, nipple shields, and pacifier).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Jónsdóttir

Skuladottir

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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This study aimed to describe and compare breastfeeding progression, infants' feeding behaviours, maternal feeding difficulties, and mothers' usage of breastfeeding interventions for singleton late preterm (LPT) and term infants. A further aim was to identify associated factors for exclusive breastfeeding at breast at 1 month in LPT infants.This was a cohort study where mothers of LPT infants from a neonatal unit (n = 60), LPT infants from a maternity unit (n = 62), and term infants from a maternity unit (n = 269) answered a questionnaire approximately 1 month after delivery. Findings showed no significant differences in exclusive breastfeeding at breasts between LPT infants admitted to the neonatal unit compared with the maternity unit, during the first week at home (38% vs. 48%), or at 1 month of age (52% vs. 50%). Term infants were more likely to be exclusively breastfed at the breast (86% and 74%, p < 0.05) compared with LPT infants. Multiple regression analysis showed that usage of a nipple shield, not feeding breast milk exclusively during the first week at home, or feeding less than 10 times per day at 1 month were statistically significant for not exclusively breastfeed at the breast. A protective factor was the mothers' experience of having an abundance of milk during the first week at home. In conclusion, LPT infants are less likely to be exclusively breastfed at the breast than term infants, highlighting the need for further research to guide interventions aimed at optimising exclusive breastfeeding rates.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Jónsdóttir

Skuladottir

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…It has been found that the chance of identifying significant problems with items decreases with the sample size [41]. Our anticipated sample size was larger than the number of 5-15 recently recommended [42] giving confidence that we would have sufficient to identify any major issues. We aimed for roughly equal numbers of participants new to the study and participants who had taken part in the earlier qualitative interviews.…”

Section: Item Reductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…A sheet was used for the interviewer to enter a tick or cross for each of these four attributes for each question, as well as offering space to note participants' comments or suggestions for re-wording. While these potential sources of confusion were predefined, probes were spontaneous dependent on the reaction of the participant rather than scripted [42]. We anticipated that the full set of items drawn from the interviews might be considerable and therefore adopted a strategy to keep burden manageable: Items would be divided into three groups reflecting those judged to be most straightforward, intermediate and most contentious in terms of comprehension and sensitivity of subject matter.…”

Section: Procedures For Cognitive Interviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Item Pool for a Needs-Based Measure of Quality of Life of Carers of a Family Member with Dementia

Oyebode

Pini

Ingleson

et al. 2018

Patient

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“…26 Once content validity has been established, the next step in survey design is the testing of questions through cognitive interviews, also called cognitive pretesting (step 6). 27 A common form of cognitive interviews involves in-person interviews in which the interviewer asks the respondent to "think aloud" when answering the survey question, allowing the survey designer to identify problematic questions before the survey is conducted. 28 Although the respondents might be able to verbalize problems, the interviewer can also ask detailed questions after the respondents answer each question, eliciting more information on how they arrived at the answer (eg, how they would ask the question in their own words or how they would define a certain term).…”

Section: Testing the Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bringing Scientific Rigor to Survey Design in Health Care Research

Ziniel

McDaniel

Beck

2019

Hospital Pediatrics

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The use of surveys in health care research has become increasingly popular. Often seen as an inexpensive, quick, and simple way to address a research question, surveys are especially attractive to researchers in training or during early career stages when research funding is limited and the time to complete a research project is limited. Yet, when used as research instruments, surveys should be developed with the same scientific rigor as other measurement instruments used to collect data in health care research. Traditional research methodologies are known for rigorous protocols, including exact specifications for reproducibility and often the presence of control groups to allow for comparisons between cohorts. Concepts such as reliability and validity are not only relevant for measurement instruments of "hard" data, such as thermometers or mass spectrometers, but also for measurement instruments of "soft" data, such as surveys. Researchers using surveys need to ensure that each question will result in a valid and reliable measure of what the question was intended to measure. Demonstrating the validity and reliability of survey questions requires great effort, and although a thorough psychometric validation is not always warranted, every survey should undergo a methodologically reproducible process through development, selection of potential respondents, testing, and administration so that survey results are reproducible and generalizable. Despite numerous reference books, 1-4 guidelines, and best practices on survey design, 5-9 surveys are often constructed, administered, and submitted for publication without previous consultation of these references and their recommendations. In this article, we highlight key concepts for survey development, focusing on the critical elements of designing and implementing a survey to yield meaningful and publishable results. KEY CONCEPTS OF SURVEY DEVELOPMENT To Survey or Not to Survey? That Is the Question Understanding when to use a survey is the first step in solid survey design. In considering the use of a survey, one ought to ask if the research question can more appropriately be answered by another method. Surveys are particularly useful when trying to measure concepts that are abstract ideas, such as people' s beliefs, attitudes, or opinions. A well-designed survey can capture and quantify measures that otherwise are challenging to observe. For example, this may include concepts such as practitioner beliefs surrounding end-of-life care for medically complex patients or providers' levels of burnout. Appropriately applying this principle, Srivastava et al 10 distributed a survey to pediatric department chairs to clarify the definition of a hospitalist and to assess the practice patterns and views on training needs for pediatric hospitalists in academic centers.

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Cognitive Interviewing for Item Development: Validity Evidence Based on Content and Response Processes

Cited by 240 publications

References 23 publications

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Development of an Item Pool for a Needs-Based Measure of Quality of Life of Carers of a Family Member with Dementia

Bringing Scientific Rigor to Survey Design in Health Care Research

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