Cognitive Processing of Sound Effects in Television Sports Broadcasting

Kwon, Young-Sung; Lee, Sungeun

doi:10.1080/19376529.2018.1541899

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Thus there are limitations to consider regarding the type of the commentary which can prime listeners, and further inhibits understanding [13]. Also blind spectators may confuse broadcast effect sounds with game events, having detrimental effects on attention and the spectator experience [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Did You See That!?’ Enhancing the Experience of Sports Media Broadcast for Blind People

Goncu

Finnegan

2021

Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021

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Accessibility in sports media broadcast (SMB) remains a problem for blind spectators who wish to socialize and watch sports with friends and family. Although popular, radio's reliance on low bandwidth speech results in an overwhelming experience for blind spectators. In this paper we focused on two core issues: (i) how SMB can be augmented to convey diegetic information more effectively, and (ii) the social context in which SMB are consumed. We chose tennis broadcasts for our investigations. Addressing issue (i), we developed a system design and prototype to enhance the experience of watching tennis matches, focusing on blind spectators using audio descriptions and 3D audio, and evaluated our system with (n=12) in a controlled user evaluation. Our results indicate how audio descriptions gave clear information for the tennis ball placements, 3D audio provided subtle cues for the ball direction, and radio provided desired human commentary. For issue (ii), we conducted an online questionnaire (n=15) investigating the social context in which blind spectators consume SMB. Participant feedback indicated there is a demand for more accessible SMB content such that people can consume SMB by themselves and with their friends. Participants were enthusiastic for a revised system design mixing elements from 3D audio and audio description. We discuss our results in the context of social SMB spectatorship, concluding with insights into accessible SMB technologies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Did You See That!?’ Enhancing the Experience of Sports Media Broadcast for Blind People

Goncu

Finnegan

2021

Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021

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“…EEG is known as having excellent temporal resolution-measuring an instantaneous brain cognitive processing response in 0.001 sand is considered a suitable method for analyzing information processing that takes place rapidly in real time, such as image recognition (Sanei and Chambers, 2013;Cohen, 2014). EEG is, therefore, appropriate for an experiment that requires the recording and detecting of immediate changes in participants' cognitive processes when participants watch a stream of visual (e.g., film footage) and auditory stimuli (e.g., background music; Kwon and Lee, 2020). Specifically, we used alpha-rhythm suppression and eventrelated potentials (ERP) as indices to measure the attentional process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alpha-rhythm inhibition, measured at 7–13 Hz, is known to be an indicator related to the attentional process. This can be used as an indicator of how much the audience pays attention to an image ( Kwon and Lee, 2020 ). This study also used event-related potentials (ERP) analysis, which is a commonly used EEG in speech-processing research in the field of cognitive science.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of background music on film audience’s attentional processes: Electroencephalography alpha-rhythm and event-related potential analyses

Kwon

Lee

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Background music is an indispensable part of films and plays an important role in enhancing audiences’ attention to scenes. However, few studies have examined the cognitive effect of background music at the neurophysiological level. Using electroencephalography (EEG), the present study examines the effect of background music tempo on the viewer’s attentional processes. Participants’ (N = 24) EEG responses were recorded while the participants watched segments of action films in three conditions with variations on the presence and tempo of background music (i.e., no background music vs. slow-tempo music vs. fast-tempo music). These responses were analyzed using the alpha-rhythm suppression and event-related potential (ERP) P300, a brainwave indicator of attentional processes. The results suggest that participants’ attention levels increased when background music was present (compared to when background music was absent), but there was no difference in participants’ attention levels based on tempo. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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“…The media coverage of sports events, especially broadcasts such as NBA games which include running patter from commentators, has a significant impact on how the audience perceives these events, since most people watch rather than attend games in person [ 33 ]. Since media coverage also affects perceptions of sports and athletes, coverage can also shape the players’ behavior during games [ 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Innovative imaging techniques and camera resolution are employed to enhance the spectators’ media experience. Although viewers are likely to be affected by the visual and auditory features of broadcasts while watching sports on TV, broadcaster commentaries are considered to increase viewer attention and excitement the most [ 22 , 33 , 34 , 36 – 38 ]. For example, ice hockey commentaries that highlight violence were found to provide more entertainment than commentaries that de-emphasized the violence [ 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“In your face”: The transition from physical to symbolic violence among NBA players

et al. 2022

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The NBA has undergone formative changes since commissioner David Stern began his tenure. Stern has endeavored to make the NBA a consumer-friendly and marketable league by implementing sanctions on physical violence. This study takes a closer look at Stern’s efforts by examining the interplay between two forms of violence in NBA basketball players on the court: “old fashioned” physical violence (PV) and symbolic violence (SV). Of the 117 NBA finals broadcast for twenty years from 1998 to 2018, a stratified random sample (36 games or 30.8%) of the violations and commentators’ comments were coded, providing a wide perspective on forms of violence over time. The findings reveal that although the number of PV incidents decreased, SV increased starting in 2014, to the extent that SV incidents were more frequent than PV. A thematic analysis of the commentators’ remarks associated with these incidents showed that they support and encourage PV, whereas SV tends to be perceived as harmless and therefore permissible to ignore. Unlike PV, SV is not perceived to be as worthy of media coverage. The relative lack of commentator interest is indicative of the lack of “glamour” of SV in the NBA league. It is suggested that since viewers of professional sports often emulate the players, the increase of SV within the NBA is likely to be mirrored in fans in their everyday lives and in amateur basketball players. Although the rise in SV causes fewer physical injuries in professional basketball players, it nevertheless can cause psychological harm.

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Cognitive Processing of Sound Effects in Television Sports Broadcasting

Cited by 5 publications

References 28 publications

‘Did You See That!?’ Enhancing the Experience of Sports Media Broadcast for Blind People

‘Did You See That!?’ Enhancing the Experience of Sports Media Broadcast for Blind People

The impact of background music on film audience’s attentional processes: Electroencephalography alpha-rhythm and event-related potential analyses

“In your face”: The transition from physical to symbolic violence among NBA players

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