Cognitive reserve, cognition, and real-world functioning in MCI: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Berezuk, Courtney; Scott, Sarah Caroline; Black, Sandra E.; Zakzanis, Konstantine K.

doi:10.1080/13803395.2022.2047160

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The causal role of these neural processes in distractor interference can be established with non-invasive brain stimulation methods (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) by focally perturbing activity in specific brain regions (e.g., visual cortex, prefrontal cortex), and at specific times during the delay epoch. Understanding the neural basis of distractor interference in WM could have critical implications for improving WM robustness in individuals with attention and memory deficits, such as patients with attention deficit disorder (ADHD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI 61 ). Sample size estimation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distractors induce space-specific neural biases in visual working memory

Gupta,

Sridharan

2023

Preprint

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Information in working memory is remarkably resilient to distraction. Yet, recent evidence suggests that distractors containing task-relevant features can disrupt working memory by inducing subtle biases in mnemonic representations. With multivariate decoding of human electroencephalography recordings, we show that temporally unpredictable distractors produce spatially-antagonistic mnemonic biases, across the visual hemifields. Grating distractors produced either an attractive or a repulsive mnemonic bias – a shift in the neural representation of the memorandum toward or away from the distractor’s orientation – depending, respectively, on whether the distractor appeared in the same hemifield as the memorandum, or opposite to it. Behavioral biases closely tracked these neural effects. We devised a two-tier ring attractor model with cross-hemifield inhibition, which comprehensively explains how the distractor’s timing, encoding strength, and input gating control these mnemonic biases. Our results provide a mechanistic account of distractor-induced biases, across space and time, in visual working memory.Lay SummaryWorking memory – the capacity to momentarily store important items or events – is remarkably robust to distraction. Yet, when a salient distractor with features resembling the memorized items appears, it can subtly alter (bias) working memory. Applying state-of-the-art neural decoding to human electrophysiological data, we show the such distractor biases are space-specific. The neural memory representation begins to resemble the distractor (attractive bias) when the distractor appears at the same location as the memory items, but becomes less like the distractor (repulsive bias) when the distractor appears further away. We tie together these experimental findings with a simple, computational model. The findings enhance our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying working memory and may be relevant for cognitive therapies addressing memory deficits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distractors induce space-specific neural biases in visual working memory

Gupta,

Sridharan

2023

Preprint

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“…This result is consistent with a systematic review and meta-analysis of aMCI including 58 studies in the literature (up to March 2020; n = 7871; 53% female) reporting that real-world functioning was strongly associated with activities of daily living with leisure activities (r = 0.27) compared with cognitively stimulating leisure activities only (r = 0.16). 35 There are a series of changes associated with sleep-wake patterns 36 in cognition, function, and behavior from resilience (compensation) to impairment (decompensation) to the loss of circadian rhythmicity during transitions from preclinical cognitive impairment to dementia. 37 In patients with aMCI, SRI explained 26.3% of fatigability and 14% of declined CogAb, suggesting that nearly 75% of perceived fatigability was caused by other contributing and facilitating factors.…”

Section: Connectome Between the Sleep/wake-fatigability Paradigm And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep–wake behavior, perceived fatigability, and cognitive reserve in older adults

Kerner,

Goldberg,

Cohen

et al. 2024

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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INTRODUCTIONThe effects of sleep–wake behavior on perceived fatigability and cognitive abilities when performing daily activities have not been investigated across levels of cognitive reserve (CR).METHODSCR Index Questionnaire (CRIq) data were collected and subjected to moderated mediation analysis.RESULTSIn amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n = 41), CR moderated sleep‐related impairments (SRIs), and fatigability at low CR (CRIq < 105.8, p = 0.004) and mean CR (CRIq = 126.9, p = 0.03) but not high CR (CRIq > 145.9, p = 0.65) levels. SRI affected cognitive abilities mediated by fatigability at low CR (p < 0.001) and mean CR (p = 0.003) levels. In healthy controls (n = 13), SRI in fatigability did not alter cognitive abilities across CR levels; controls had higher leisure scores than patients with aMCI (p = 0.003, effect size = 0.93).DISCUSSIONSRI can amplify impaired cognitive abilities through exacerbation of fatigability in patients with aMCI with below‐mean CR. Therefore, improving sleep–wake regulation and leisure activities may protect against fatigability and cognitive decline.Highlights Clinical fatigue and fatigability cannot be alleviated by rest. Clinical fatigability disrupts daily activities during preclinical Alzheimer's. High cognitive reserve mitigates sleep–wake disturbance effects. High cognitive reserve attenuates clinical fatigability effects on daily functioning. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea potentiates Alzheimer's pathology in the brain.

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“…Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be a symptomatic stage that occurs between normal aging and dementia. It has been shown that MCI patients with higher levels of CR are significantly more likely to reverse to normal cognition than progress to dementia (9) and high CR is correlated with a lower risk of MCI as well as a positive role in alleviating cognitive decline (10)(11)(12). Neuroimaging studies have also confirmed that CR is associated with increased connectivity in cognitive control networks as well as between the left frontal cortex and the dorsal attentional network in MCI patients (13,14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Correlations between cognitive reserve, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volume in healthy elders and mild cognitive impairment patients

Zhou,

Yang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Front. Neurol.

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ObjectiveTo explore the effect of cognitive reserve (CR) on brain volume and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy elders (HE).Methods31 HE and 50 MCI patients were collected in this study to obtain structural MRI, cognitive function, and composite CR scores. Educational attainment, leisure time, and working activity ratings from two groups were used to generate cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq) scores. The different volumes of brain regions and CSF were obtained using uAI research portal in both groups, which were taken as the regions of interest (ROI), the correlation analysis between ROIs and CRIq scores were conducted.ResultsThe scores of CRIq, CRIq-leisure time, and CRIq-education in HE group were significantly higher than patients in MCI group, and the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and minimum mental state examination (MMSE) scores were positively correlated with the CRIq, CRIq-education in both groups, and were positively correlated with CRIq-leisure time in MCI group. The scores of auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) and verbal fluency test (VFT) were also positively correlated with CRIq, CRIq-leisure time, and CRIq-education in MCI group, but the score of AVLT was only positively correlated with CRIq in HE group. Moreover, in MCI group, the volume of the right middle cingulate cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus were negatively correlated with the CRIq, and the volume of CSF, peripheral CSF, and third ventricle were positively correlated with the CRIq-leisure time score. The result of mediation analysis suggested that right parahippocampal gryus mediated the main effect of the relationship between CRIq and MoCA score in MCI group.ConclusionPeople with higher CR show better levels of cognitive function, and MCI patients with higher CR showed more severe volume atrophy of the right middle cingulate cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus, but more CSF at a given level of global cognition.

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Cognitive reserve, cognition, and real-world functioning in MCI: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 16 publications

References 61 publications

Distractors induce space-specific neural biases in visual working memory

Distractors induce space-specific neural biases in visual working memory

Sleep–wake behavior, perceived fatigability, and cognitive reserve in older adults

Correlations between cognitive reserve, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volume in healthy elders and mild cognitive impairment patients

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