Cognitive strategies of analogical reasoning in design: Differences between expert and novice designers

Ozkan, Ozgu; Doğan, Fehmi

doi:10.1016/j.destud.2012.11.006

Cited by 100 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…Based on the findings of a number of studies, we know that those individuals who know more about a particular topic or domain are more likely to discern meaningful patterns within information arising from that domain (Jablansky et al 2015;Ozkan, and Dogan 2013;Vendetti et al 2015). However, we also know that relational reasoning strategies can be leveraged to help individuals with comparatively low prior knowledge solve domain-specific scientific problems more effectively (Trey and Khan 2008).…”

Section: How Does Relational Reasoning Interact With Other Individualmentioning

confidence: 95%

Relational Reasoning in Science, Medicine, and Engineering

Dumas

2016

Educ Psychol Rev

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This review brings together the literature that pertains to the role of relational reasoning, or the ability to discern meaningful patterns within any stream of information, in the mental work of scientists, medical doctors, and engineers. Existing studies that measure four forms of relational reasoning-analogy, anomaly, antinomy, and antithesis-are included in this review. These studies are organized into four groups based on their general measurement paradigm: those that use naturalistic observation methods to study relational reasoning in vivo; those that take a historical perspective to describe the construct as it arises in recordo; those that manipulate relevant variables in an in vitro or laboratory setting; and those that formulate computer models and algorithms to simulate relational reasoning in silico. Principal findings from this literature are presented and discussed, as are enduring questions about the nature and consequences of relational reasoning.

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Section: How Does Relational Reasoning Interact With Other Individualmentioning

confidence: 95%

Relational Reasoning in Science, Medicine, and Engineering

Dumas

2016

Educ Psychol Rev

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“…Ozkan & Dogan, 2013 [83] In architecture, novices lean toward "mental leaps" without awareness of their feasibility, whereas experts lean toward "mental hops"; intermediate level designers tended to directly copy the examples Moreno et al, 2013 [84] In transactional design, design-by-analogy, as exercised by experts, can lead to successful design outcomes. Ahmed & Christensen, 2009 [85] In aerospace, novices tended to transfer information based on geometric attributes, often without particular applicability or appropriateness for the given design problem; experts used analogies from problem identification, solving, and reasoning about the functionality and predicted behavior of a proposed component Casakin & Goldschmidt, 1999 [54] Visual analogies tend to be more beneficial for novices than for experts, though they aid both in problem solving.…”

Section: Expertisementioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Inspired Design: An Overview Investigating Open Questions From the Broader Field of Design-by-Analogy

Moreno

Yang

et al. 2014

Journal of Mechanical Design

122

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Bio-inspired design and the broader field of design-by-analogy have been the basis of numerous innovative designs throughout history; yet there remains much to be understood about these practices of design, their underlying cognitive mechanisms, and preferred ways in which to teach and support them. In this paper, we work to unify the broader design-by-analogy research literature with that of the bio-inspired design field, reviewing the current knowledge of designer cognition, the seminal supporting tools and methods for bio-inspired design, and postulating the future of bio-inspired design research from the larger design-by-analogy perspective. We examine seminal methods for supporting bio-inspired design, highlighting the areas well aligned with current findings in design-by-analogy cognition work and noting important areas for future research identified by the investigators responsible for these seminal tools and methods.Supplemental to the visions of these experts in bio-inspired design, we suggest additional projections for the future of the field, posing intriguing research questions to further unify the field of bio-inspired design with its broader resident field of design-by-analogy. INTRODUCTIONBio-inspired design is a cutting edge field of inquiry and practice, founded by thinkers such as Steele (bionics, 1950s), Schmitt (biomimetics, 1950s) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Comparative Qualitative Research MethodFigure 1 depicts the comparative qualitative research methodology employed for analysis in this paper, defined by five steps: (1) examining the larger body of analogy literature and choosing a subset to identify cognitive mechanisms for design-by-analogy; (2) categorizing key findings from the analogy literature; (3) studying an existing set of seminal tools and methods for bioinspired design, and the principles and considerations that underlie them, (4) reviewing the literature that addresses the cognitive psychology of bio-inspired design, and (5) analyzing gaps in the literature, questions yet to be addressed, and the future of the field of bio-inspired design.Katherine Fu MD-14-1381 3 Examining and Reducing Analogy LiteratureWe began by considering the research findings of those who study analogy. Identifying and investigating hundreds of contributions, the literature included in the analysis of this paper was chosen based on whether the publication advanced empirical understanding of how humans, often designers, work with analogy. Papers not included were those presenting tools or methods for design-by-analogy, unless in testing them, they uncovered and reported underlying cognitive mechanisms of design-by-analogy. The goal of this step was to characterize the current state of scientific knowledge around analogy, both generally and with respect to engineering design, in order to create a context within which bio-inspired design and its future as a field of inquiry is and should be considered. Categorizing and Synthesizing Key Findings from Analogy LiteratureThe subset of the larger body of an...

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“…For example, a torch and a lantern are similar for sharing a common representation which is the function or purpose of illumination. The perception of the similarity between two ideas includes recognising surface similarity as well as structural similarity 56,57 . Surface similarity refers to the attributional resemblance, while structural similarity refers to the underlying relational resemblance.…”

Section: Bodenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three driven approaches to combinational creativity: Problem-, similarity- and inspiration-driven

Han

Park

Shi

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Creativity is a crucial element of design. The aim of this study is to investigate the driving forces behind combinational creativity. We propose three driven approaches to combinational creativity, problem-, similarity-, and inspiration-driven, based on previous research projects on design process, strategy, and cognition. A case study involving hundreds of practical products selected from winners of international design competitions has been conducted to evaluate the three approaches proposed. The results support the three driven approaches and indicate that they can be used independently as well as complementarily. The three approaches proposed in this study have provided an understanding of how combinational creativity functions in design. The approaches could be used as a set of creative idea generation methods for supporting designers in producing creative design ideas.

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Cognitive strategies of analogical reasoning in design: Differences between expert and novice designers

Cited by 100 publications

References 52 publications

Relational Reasoning in Science, Medicine, and Engineering

Relational Reasoning in Science, Medicine, and Engineering

Bio-Inspired Design: An Overview Investigating Open Questions From the Broader Field of Design-by-Analogy

Three driven approaches to combinational creativity: Problem-, similarity- and inspiration-driven

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