Cognitive Structure, Punishment, and Nurturance in the Experimental Induction of Self-Criticism

Aronfreed, Justin; Cutick, Robert A.; Fagen, Stanley A.

doi:10.2307/1126728

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Thus, these subjects (both flexible and rigid) may have an internalized standard, or "minimal level of punishment," which is necessary for their control (involvement) in such a situation. Aronfreed et al (1963) postulated a similar "prerequisite amount" with respect to nurturance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because of the limited generalizability of the data obtained and various theoretical and/or methodological problems, little understanding of the dynamics of moral responses has resulted. Aronfreed (1961Aronfreed ( , 1963 and Aronfreed, Cutick, and Fagen (1963) recognized this difficulty, and examined the variety of moral 1 This article was based on a dissertation submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree. The advice of the author's thesis committee is gratefully acknowledged.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of social class, moral orientation, and severity of punishment on boys' moral responses to transgression and generosity.

DePalma¹

1974

Developmental Psychology

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In two experiments, the effects of social class, moral orientation, and severity of punishment on boys' moral responses to transgression and generosity were investigated in second-and third-grade boys. In Experiment 1, a modified version of Aronfreed's task, the response measures were the self-critical and reparative responses on the transgression trial, the self-critical responses prior to this trial, and the number of candies removed by the subject during the task. In Experiment 2, the subject was asked if he wished to donate any of his candy from Experiment 1 to a "needy" child. Results indicated a differential effect of punishment treatment on the responses of the various moral orientation subjects. That is, the flexible moral orientation subjects punished themselves less and donated more candy than the rigid subjects across the punishment conditions. The data were interpreted to suggest that the flexible moral orientation subjects may be more "mature" and "internalized" than the rigid orientation subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effects of social class, moral orientation, and severity of punishment on boys' moral responses to transgression and generosity.

DePalma¹

1974

Developmental Psychology

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“…Some experiments manipulating nurturance have found that nurturant Ms of either sex are imitated more, regardless of sex of 0 (Bandura & Huston, 1961;Bandura et al, 1967a;Hetherington & Frankie, 1967), by female Os (Rosenblith, 1961), or by opposite sex Os (Rosenblith, 1961). Other experiments (Aronfreed, 1964;Aronfreed et al, 1963;Rosenhan & White, 1967) failed to find any nurturance effects. Suggestions for the further research required to clarify the conditions under which nurturance increases imitation abound in the excellent study by Hetherington and Frankie (1967).…”

Section: Nurturancementioning

confidence: 98%

A review of research on imitative behavior.

Flanders

1968

Psychological Bulletin

240

103

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Focusing on imitation in the dyad, where 1 observer (0) imitates 1 model (M), this review concerns causal relations between M's behavior and O's imitation of M's behavior. First, findings are reviewed in a manner relatively independent of processes hypothesized to mediate imitation; then theoretical viewpoints about imitation are evaluated. An extension of the best available viewpoint, that of Bandura, is presented. Finally, gaps in the literature are enumerated along with suggestions for subsequent research.

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“…The power of clarity, in contrast to the ineffectiveness of varia tions in warmth, argued for more attention to cognitive effects (5) . The transgression in training was an unavoidable knocking down of the soldiers.…”

Section: Bellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Psychology

Bell¹

1965

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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age R2 for age when it was considered alone was .158, but the value was reduced to only.035 after the variation in a composite measure of perceptual speed was controlled. These results therefore suggest that almost 807o (i.e., [. I 58 -.035 ]l I 58 = .778) ofthe age-related variance in certain measures offluid cognition is associated with variations in perceptual speed.The research reported in this article was designed with two major goals in mind. One goal was to examine the generality of the speed-mediation phenomenon by including measures of memory in addition to measures of fluid or process aspects of cognition. Extending the research in this direction is ofinterest, because less convincing support for a mediational effect of speed was found with m€asures reflecting memory functioning in the partial correlation analyses reported in Salthouse (l 985a). That is, partialing a measure ofprocessing speed had a smaller effect on the correlations between age and measures of memory than it did on the correlations between age and measures of other types of cognitive functioning. Moreover, additional analyses on the data from the Salthouse et al. (1988) project similar to those summarized in Table I also revealed weaker attenuation ofthe age relations ficr measures representing memory functioning than for measures representing other types of cognitive functioning. For example, the attenuation was only 63.8Vo for a measure of the accuracy of reproducing the identities of items in a matrix, only 4'l .59o for a measure of the accuracy of reproducing the positions of items in a matrix, and only l6.7vo for a measure of paired-associate memory.The smaller attenuation of the age-related memory differences after control of measures of speed raises the possibility that quickness of mental operations may be a less important factor in the age differences in traditional memory tests than in cognitive tests assessing reasoning or spatial abilities. Although this speculation is plausible on the basis ofthe available results, stronger evidence ofthe differential influence ofspeed on cognitive and memory measures is desirable before one can conclude that speed factors have a minimal role in the relations between age and memory. One type of evidence that would be relevant in this regard would be a discovery that substantial age-related effects remained after statistical control of a measure of perceptual speed, or equivalently, a finding that the Speed Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Cognition Timothy A. Salthouse Previous research has established that a large proportion of the adult age-related variance in various measures offluid or process cognition is reduced when statistical control procedures such as hierarchical regression are used to eliminate variation in measures ofperceptual speed. This finding was confirmed in the present study and was extended to include paired-associate and free-recall measures of memory in addition to measures of reasoning and spatial abilities. Most of the speed mediation was associated with s...

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Cognitive Structure, Punishment, and Nurturance in the Experimental Induction of Self-Criticism

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of social class, moral orientation, and severity of punishment on boys' moral responses to transgression and generosity.

Effects of social class, moral orientation, and severity of punishment on boys' moral responses to transgression and generosity.

A review of research on imitative behavior.

Developmental Psychology

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