2002
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.903
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Cognitive theories of early gender development.

Abstract: The contribution of cognitive perspectives (cognitive-developmental theory and gender schema theory) to a contemporary understanding of gender development is evaluated. Recent critiques of cognitive approaches are discussed and empirical evidence is presented to counter these critiques. Because of the centrality of early gender development to the cognitive perspective, the latest research is reviewed on how infants and toddlers discriminate the sexes and learn the attributes correlated with sex. The essence of… Show more

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Cited by 534 publications
(580 citation statements)
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References 202 publications
(389 reference statements)
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“…Not surprisingly, therefore, much of the work with these children as participants has focused on clinically relevant questions (e.g., rates of psychopathology among these groups), rather than questions about basic developmental science (though see Zucker et al, 1999). Even when the existence of these children is mentioned in reviews of gender development (e.g., Martin, Ruble, & Szkrybalo, 2002;Ruble, Martin, & BEYOND DISCRETE CATEGORIES Berenbaum, 2006), their experiences rarely make it into broader discussions of gender development (Liben, 2016). This separation occurs despite the fact that focusing on these less common populations may be especially insightful to our theory development.…”
Section: The Experiences Of Individuals With Gender-and Sex-diverse Imentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Not surprisingly, therefore, much of the work with these children as participants has focused on clinically relevant questions (e.g., rates of psychopathology among these groups), rather than questions about basic developmental science (though see Zucker et al, 1999). Even when the existence of these children is mentioned in reviews of gender development (e.g., Martin, Ruble, & Szkrybalo, 2002;Ruble, Martin, & BEYOND DISCRETE CATEGORIES Berenbaum, 2006), their experiences rarely make it into broader discussions of gender development (Liben, 2016). This separation occurs despite the fact that focusing on these less common populations may be especially insightful to our theory development.…”
Section: The Experiences Of Individuals With Gender-and Sex-diverse Imentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In some ongoing work, we are testing exactly this question in a group of transgender preschoolers (Fast & Olson, under review). Including these children in such a study could provide convergent or divergent evidence contributing to ongoing theoretical debates on this issue (Bandura & Bussey, 2004;Martin et al, 2002).…”
Section: The Experiences Of Individuals With Gender-and Sex-diverse Imentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is already argued that media is not the sole agent in the socialization process, however it is recognized that the media play a significant role in children's socialization process. Through the social learning theory, it is commonly believed that children's beliefs, social behaviors and general ideas about gender and gender roles in society are usually molded and shaped by the gender role portrayals in the animated cartoons (Martin et al 2002). Social learning theory suggests that children start learning smoothly and steadily from the program they watch on media and especially on television.…”
Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further, even without a model, boys exhibited more propulsive movements than girls, such as hitting, punching, and gun play. The predominant interpretation has been that boys imitated the male model's aggression because they understood conceptually that they are male and males behave aggressively (Bandura & Bussey, 1999;Kohlberg, 1966;Martin, Ruble, & Szkrybalo, 2002;Zosuls et al, 2009). An alternative, but not mutually exclusive interpretation however, is that boys find males' propulsive movements more appealing than females' movements.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%