“…The level of CR results from knowledge and skills acquired over the lifespan. Higher CR is determined by higher education level, greater intensity and quality of physical, occupational, social and cognitive activity (Nucci, Mapelli, & Mondini, 2012;Roldán-Tapia, Cánovas, León, & García-Garcia, 2017;Steffener & Stern, 2012;Stern, 2003Stern, , 2009Tucker & Stern, 2011), multilingualism (Schweizer, Ware, Fischer, Craik, & Bialystok, 2012), good social support (Amieva et al, 2010), and intellectual involvement (Adam, Bonsang, Grotz, & Perelman, 2013;Mella, Grob, Döll, Ghisletta, & de Ribaupierre, 2017). CR is adversely affected by interrelated factors such as depression (Butters et al, 2008), poor education, loneliness and sense of isolation, lack of social support (Di Napoli, Wu, & Scogin, 2014), lack of both cognitive stimulation and physical activity as well as metabolic syndromes (Middleton & Yaffe, 2009).…”