Cognitive Workload Demands Using 2D and 3D Spatial Engineering Information Formats

Dadi, Gabriel B.; Goodrum, Paul M.; Taylor, T. H.; Carswell, C. Melody

doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000827

Cited by 55 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Among the advantages of 3DS‐VLEs, he pointed to enhanced spatial representation, more opportunities for experiential learning, and improved contextualization of learning as compared to tasks in 2D displays. Dadi, Goodrum, Taylor, and Carswell () investigated cognitive load demands of 2D and 3D static VLEs in construction engineering. They found differences in workload, the degree of the amount of mental resources required to complete a specific function compared to the total amount of them available to that individual (Dadi et al, ) as measured by the National Aeronautical and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX), implying that 3D computer models and a physical representation (3D printed model) of architectural design correlate with a lower mental workload compared to 2D drawings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced mental load in learning a motor visual task with virtual 3D method

Dan

Reiner

2017

Computer Assisted Learning

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Distance learning is expanding rapidly, fueled by the novel technologies for shared recorded teaching sessions on the Web. Here, we ask whether 3D stereoscopic (3DS) virtual learning environment teaching sessions are more compelling than typical two-dimensional (2D) video sessions and whether this type of teaching results in superior learning. The research goal was to compare learning in 2 virtual learning scenarios-on 2D displays and with an identical 3DS scenario. Participants watched a 2D or 3DS video of an instructor demonstrating a box origami paper-folding task. We compared participants' folding test scores and self-assessment questionnaires of the teaching scenarios and calculated their cognitive load index (CLI) based on electroencephalogram measurements during the observation periods. Results showed a highly significant difference between participants' folding test scores, CLI, and self-assessment questionnaire results in 2D compared to 3DS sessions. Our findings indicate that employing stereoscopic 3D technology over 2D displays in the design of emerging virtual and augmented reality applications in distance learning has advantages. KEYWORDS2D versus 3D immersion, cognitive load index, EEG theta and alpha power, immersive virtual learning

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced mental load in learning a motor visual task with virtual 3D method

Dan

Reiner

2017

Computer Assisted Learning

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“…The participants in Taylor's 1999 study had two ways to study an unknown environment, studying a plan or navigating through the environment. The results indicated a better performance (more accuracy) for survey tasks when studying a plan and the route tasks responses were more accurate when navigating through the environment [6]. Therefore, wayfinding strategies are dependent on several factors, which in a broad context includes complexity of a building interior, signage, spatial cognition, format of information used in planning wayfinding, gender, familiarity with a building interior, and number of other individuals travelling the same or similar route [19].…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Lawton's [17] research emphasized that women were likely to rely on a route knowledge strategy, where men maintained a sense of their position in relation with the environment using survey knowledge. Lawton also highlighted that women tend to develop an anxiety about environmental navigation unlike men [18] Taylor et al [6] studied the goal-specific influences on spatial perspective. The participants in Taylor's 1999 study had two ways to study an unknown environment, studying a plan or navigating through the environment.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals have two kinds of wayfinding strategies: route knowledge, which consists of memorizing successive movement at each intersection of an environment before reaching a destination and survey knowledge, where the subject builds a mental visualization of the environment to orientate oneself [1,2]. It has been observed that men tend to use survey knowledge while women use route knowledge [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Information Format and Spatial Cognition on Individual Wayfinding Performance

Verghote¹,

Al-Haddad

Goodrum

et al. 2019

Buildings

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Buildings with spatially complex interiors poise unique challenges during operations and maintenance. A complex interior makes wayfinding difficult, which can inhibit daily occupants from finding their desired location. Additionally, it can hamper emergency responders and evacuations during extreme emergency events. An experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of different information formats and spatial cognition on individual wayfinding in unknown environments. Participants were asked to memorize either a set of two-dimensional (2D) drawings or a three-dimensional (3D) model before navigating through a series of checkpoints in an unfamiliar environment. Individual wayfinding is dependent on an individual’s use of route knowledge or survey knowledge. Route knowledge was assessed from the start of the route to Checkpoint A (i.e., the first checkpoint). Meanwhile, survey knowledge was assessed from Checkpoint A to Checkpoint B. Spatial cognition of participants was measured by administering the card rotation and cube comparison tests. The research found that 3D models have a beneficial impact on the success of individual wayfinding. Furthermore, the success rate of the participants with a low spatial cognition improved significantly when using a 3D model rather than a set of 2D drawings. However, the success rates of participants with a high spatial cognition were not affected by the format of information. While the above results are significant, more experimentation is needed to confirm whether 3D information does effectively lower cognitive demand.

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“…Understanding that the subjects worked with the same model, the authors wished to identify if there was a learning curve present, as well as other impacts from experience and use of drawings. Due to the scope of this paper and length restrictions, this phenomena was studied and reported in another publication (Dadi et al 2014). Samples of the 2D drawings are illustrated in Figs.…”

Section: Cognitive Taskmentioning

confidence: 97%

Performance of 3D computers and 3D printed models as a fundamental means for spatial engineering information visualization

et al. 2014

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Engineering information delivery can be a source of inefficient communication of design, leading to construction rework and lower worker morale. Due to errors, omissions, and misinterpretations, there remains a great opportunity to improve the traditional documentation of engineering information that craft professionals use to complete their work. Historically, physical three dimensional (3D) models built by hand provided 3D physical representations of the project to assist in sequencing, visualization, and planning of critical construction activities. This practice has greatly diminished since the adoption of 3D computer-aided design (CAD) and building information modeling technologies. Recently, additive manufacturing (a.k.a. 3D printing) technologies have allowed for three dimensional printing of 3D CAD models. A cognitive experiment was established to measure the effectiveness of 2D drawings, a 3D computer model, and a 3D printed model in delivering engineering information to an end-user are scientifically measured. The 3D printed model outperformed the 2D drawings and 3D computer interface in productivity measures. This paper's primary contribution to the body of knowledge is identification of how different mediums of engineering information influence the performance of a simple task execution.Résumé : La diffusion d'information technique peut être une source de communication inefficace de la conception, engendrant une reprise des travaux et un faible moral des travailleurs. En raison des erreurs, des omissions et des fausses interprétations, il existe une belle occasion d'améliorer la documentation traditionnelle d'information technique que les professionnels de métier utilisent pour terminer leur ouvrage. Les modèles physiques tridimensionnels (3D), historiquement produits à la main, fournissent des représentations physiques 3D du projet qui aident à l'ordonnancement, la visualisation et la planification des activités principales de la construction. Cette pratique s'est grandement atténuée depuis l'adoption des technologies tridimensionnelles conception assistée par ordinateur (CAO) et modélisation de la gestion des bâtiments. Récemment, l'impression 3D a permis l'impression tridimensionnelle des modèles CAO 3D. Une expérience cognitive a été établie pour mesurer de manière scientifique l'efficacité des dessins bidimensionnels, d'un modèle informatique 3D et d'un modèle imprimé en 3D, à fournir l'information technique à un utilisateur final. Selon des mesures de productivité, le modèle imprimé 3D a surclassé les dessins 2D et l'interface informatique 3D. La principale contribution du présent article à l'ensemble des connaissances est l'identification de l'influence des divers médias d'information technique sur le rendement de l'exécution d'une tâche simple. [Traduit par le Rédaction]Mots-clés : travailleurs de la construction, productivité de la main-d'oeuvre, visualisation, BIM, impression 3D.

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Cognitive Workload Demands Using 2D and 3D Spatial Engineering Information Formats

Cited by 55 publications

References 13 publications

Reduced mental load in learning a motor visual task with virtual 3D method

Reduced mental load in learning a motor visual task with virtual 3D method

The Effects of Information Format and Spatial Cognition on Individual Wayfinding Performance

Performance of 3D computers and 3D printed models as a fundamental means for spatial engineering information visualization

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