“…Nonetheless, the T-mode LUT measurements are influenced by the distance between the source and receiver transducers, with short distances between the transducers reducing the reliability of the measured data due to the near-field effects and long distances between transducers (in combination with high wave frequencies) leading to difficulties in discriminating the onset of R-mode LUT has many potential applications in the field of rock engineering, as it can be used for (1) damage detection in critical rock engineering structures; (2) assessment of insufficient rebar and grout uniformity in grouted rock bolts; (3) evaluation of backfill grouting behind segmental linings in hard rock tunnels; and (4) passive detection of discontinuities and local features ahead of a tunnel face (Cui & Zou, 2012;Kravitz et al, 2019;Lee et al, 2009). However, R-mode LUT has seen limited study through fundamental laboratory-scale experiments, with most studies primarily focusing on models for simulating the wave-crack interaction processes (Angel & Achenbach, 1985;Angel & Bolshakov, 1998;Mikata, 1995;Pyrak-Nolte et al, 1990a, 1990bSchoenberg, 1980;Sotiropoulos & Achenbach, 1988). R-mode LUT was only recently implemented experimentally for continuously monitoring the dynamic processes associated with rock-joint frictional slipping phenomena (Hedayat, 2013;.…”