Cohort study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis, Nairobi, Kenya: comparison of bacteriological results

Githui, W.A.; Nunn, Paul; Juma, E; Karimi, Fatemeh; Brindle, Richard; Kamunyi, R.; Gathua, Samuel; Gicheha, C.; Morris, J.N.; Omwega, M.

doi:10.1016/0962-8479(92)90087-z

Cited by 61 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As it was reported in some instances that, genotypes like W-Beijing family are associated with drug resistance [17], we analyzed the relationship between genotypes circulating in our setting and drug resistance. However, we did not find any statistical association between genotypes and drug resistance (p = 0.47) even HIV serostatus (p = 0.07) in our study, but only with age groups (p = 0.01).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Genetic Variability of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

Sidze¹,

Tekwu²,

Kuaban³

et al. 2013

AID

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The present study investigates the genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex circulating in the Centre region of Cameroon and analyzes the relationship between genotypes and drug resistance patterns. Spoligotyping was performed by PCR-amplification followed by the reverse hybridization of 298 cultured specimens. Spoligotypes patterns were identified by comparison to reference strains in SPolDB4 database via the MIRU VNTR plus web application. About 97.65% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases were attributed to M. tuberculosis. A total of 65 different profiles were identified. Of these, 40 were represented as Shared Types (ST) while the others were orphans. LAM10_CAM and Haarlem families were the most prevalent genetic families with 51.01% and 14.09% respectively. ST 61, a member of the LAM10_ CAM family formed the largest cluster with 128 (42.95%) isolates. No association was found between genotypes with regard to drug resistance and HIV sero-status. However, there was a significant association between genotypes and age groups. Patients belonging to 15 -24 and 35 -44 age groups were more likely infected by LAM10_CAM strains compared to others. The population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from the Centre region was found to be diverse and the spoligotype 61 of the LAM10_CAM family was highly predominant. Isolates of the LAM10_CAM seem to be not associated with drug resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of Genetic Variability of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

Sidze¹,

Tekwu²,

Kuaban³

et al. 2013

AID

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“…From a study of the relative risk of TB as a function of CD4 ϩ cell count, we estimate the relative risk of progressive primary TB and endogenous reactivation for each of the four stages of HIV (17). We allow the proportion of progressive primary cases that are infectious, the rate of smear conversion, and the infectiousness of people with HIV to decline with decreasing CD4 ϩ cell count (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of HIV/AIDS on the control of tuberculosis in India

Williams

Granich²,

Chauhan³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Epidemics of HIV͞AIDS have increased the tuberculosis (TB) caseload by five or more times in East Africa and southern Africa. As HIV continues to spread, warnings have been issued of disastrous AIDS and TB epidemics in ''new-wave'' countries, including India, which accounts for 20% of all new TB cases arising in the world each year. Here we investigate whether, in the face of the HIV epidemic, India's Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP) could halve TB prevalence and death rates in the period 1990 -2015, as specified by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Using a mathematical model to capture the spatial and temporal variation in TB and HIV in India, we predict that, without the RNTCP, HIV would increase TB prevalence (by 1%), incidence (by 12%), and mortality rates (by 33%) between 1990 and 2015. With the RNTCP, however, we expect substantial reductions in prevalence (by 68%), incidence (by 41%), and mortality (by 39%) between 1990 and 2015. In India, 29% of adults but 72% of HIV-positive adults live in four large states in the south where, even with the RNTCP, mortality is expected to fall by only 15% between 1990 and 2015. Nationally, the RNTCP should be able to reverse the increases in TB burden due to HIV but, to ensure that TB mortality is reduced by 50% or more by 2015, HIV-infected TB patients should be provided with antiretroviral therapy in addition to the recommended treatment for TB. millenium development ͉ goals ͉ infectious disease control ͉ dynamical simulation model I n many countries of East and southern Africa, tuberculosis (TB) notification rates have increased by five or more times as a result of the HIV epidemic (1-3). If this were to happen in India, which accounts for 20% of the global burden of TB (1), the total number of TB cases in the world would more than double. At present, Ͻ1% of Indian adults are infected with HIV, but that is about five million people (4), second only in number to South Africa (5, 6). It has been suggested that the prevalence of HIV infection in Indian adults could reach 5%, or Ϸ25 million people (7-9), and an HIV epidemic on this scale would have severe consequences for the burden not only of AIDS but also of TB.In 1993, the Government of India launched a pilot project to explore the implementation of the World Health Organization's DOTS strategy for TB control, based on combination chemotherapy (10, 11). In 1998, the Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP) began to expand DOTS services across India. By the end of 2003, 740 million people had access to DOTS, and a further 10 million were gaining access each month. In DOTS areas in 2003, an estimated 69% of new smear-positive TB cases were detected, and 87% were successfully treated (1). Without the HIV epidemic, the RNTCP might have been expected to reduce TB incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates by Ϸ5% per year (12)(13)(14).In this paper, we use a dynamical simulation model to investigate the impact of the HIV epidemic and the RNTCP DOTS program on TB in India from 1990 to 2015. In p...

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“…However, in industrialized countries, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) also play a key role in etiology of TB-like syndromes. In Africa, the contribution of NTM to such disease has been examined on a small scale only (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Zambia

Buijtels¹,

Sande²,

Graaff³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Clinical relevance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from 180 chronically ill patients and 385 healthy controls in Zambia was evaluated to examine the contribution of these isolates to tuberculosis (TB)-like disease. The proportion of NTM-positive sputum samples was signifi cantly higher in the patient group than in controls; 11% and 6%, respectively (p<0.05). NTM-associated lung disease was diagnosed for 1 patient, and a probable diagnosis was made for 3 patients. NTM-positive patients and controls were more likely to report vomiting and diarrhea and were more frequently underweight than the NTM-negative patients and controls. Chest radiographs of NTM-positive patients showed deviations consistent with TB more frequently than those of controls. The most frequently isolated NTM was Mycobacterium avium complex. Multiple, not previously identifi ed mycobacteria (55 of 171 NTM) were isolated from both groups. NTM probably play an important role in the etiology of TB-like diseases in Zambia.

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Cohort study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis, Nairobi, Kenya: comparison of bacteriological results

Cited by 61 publications

References 15 publications

Estimates of Genetic Variability of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

Estimates of Genetic Variability of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

The impact of HIV/AIDS on the control of tuberculosis in India

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Zambia

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Cohort study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis, Nairobi, Kenya: comparison of bacteriological results

Cited by 61 publications

References 15 publications

Estimates of Genetic Variability of &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&lt;/i&gt; Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

Estimates of Genetic Variability of &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&lt;/i&gt; Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

The impact of HIV/AIDS on the control of tuberculosis in India

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Zambia

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Product

Resources

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Estimates of Genetic Variability of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon

Estimates of Genetic Variability of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex and Its Association with Drug Resistance in Cameroon