Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19)

Tan, Chuen Wen; Ho, Liam Pock; Kalimuddin, Shirin; Cherng, Benjamin Pei Zhi; Teh, Yii Ean; Thien, Siew Yee; Wong, Hei Man; Tern, Paul Jie Wen; Chandran, Manju; Chay, Jason Wai Mun; Nagarajan, Chandramouli; Sultana, Rehena; Low, Jenny Guek Hong; Ng, Heng Joo

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017

Cited by 243 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Moreover, as mentioned before and shown in Figure 1 , Mg is a cofactor necessary for vitamin D biosynthesis, transport, and activation, while both Mg and vitamin D deficiencies have been associated with several chronic diseases. Both Mg and vitamin D deficiencies seem to be important in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 as reported by some investigations [ 121 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ]. COVID-19 is associated with relevant lung [ 160 ] and cardiac impairment [ 161 ].…”

Section: Magnesium and Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…They found significant differences in the clinical course with fewer treated patients than controls requiring oxygen therapy (17.6 vs. 61.5%) and/or intensive care support (6 vs. 32%) during hospitalization. This small but significant study illustrates the importance of providing sufficient supplementation of these nutrients in circumstances where the requirements are most likely higher while fighting COVID-19 [ 156 ]. Other authors reviewing potential actions of Mg on SARS-Cov2 infection point toward Mg as a possible supporting treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially those critically ill and/or at highest risk of complications [ 154 , 157 ], including also pregnant women [ 157 ].…”

Section: Magnesium and Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All these results are encouraging, but it is essential to keep in mind that Mg is an indispensable cofactor for the synthesis, transport, and activation of vitamin D ( Figure 1 ). As mentioned above, the combination of oral supplementation with Mg, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 in a sample of patients with COVID-19 showed a reduction in the need for oxygen support, intensive care hospitalization, or both [ 156 ]. Therefore, it would be advisable to correct not only vitamin D deficiency, but also Mg deficiency.…”

Section: Magnesium and Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People

et al. 2021

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Reduced magnesium (Mg) intake is a frequent cause of deficiency with age together with reduced absorption, renal wasting, and polypharmacotherapy. Chronic Mg deficiency may result in increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, which may be linked to several age-related diseases, including higher predisposition to infectious diseases. Mg might play a role in the immune response being a cofactor for immunoglobulin synthesis and other processes strictly associated with the function of T and B cells. Mg is necessary for the biosynthesis, transport, and activation of vitamin D, another key factor in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The regulation of cytosolic free Mg in immune cells involves Mg transport systems, such as the melastatin-like transient receptor potential 7 channel, the solute carrier family, and the magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1). The functional importance of Mg transport in immunity was unknown until the description of the primary immunodeficiency XMEN (X-linked immunodeficiency with Mg defect, Epstein–Barr virus infection, and neoplasia) due to a genetic deficiency of MAGT1 characterized by chronic Epstein–Barr virus infection. This and other research reporting associations of Mg deficit with viral and bacterial infections indicate a possible role of Mg deficit in the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its complications. In this review, we will discuss the importance of Mg for the immune system and for infectious diseases, including the recent pandemic of COVID-19.

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Section: Magnesium and Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Magnesium and Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magnesium and Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People

et al. 2021

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“… 45 Among 43 consecutive older patients hospitalized for treatment of COVID-19, 17.6% of those who received oral 1000iu vitamin D3, 150mg magnesium and 500mcg vitamin B12 throughout their hospitalization required oxygen therapy compared to 61.5% of patients who did not receive the supplements. 46 Serum vitamin D levels are positively correlated with improved pulmonary function in children and adults with asthma. 47 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with reduced risk of respiratory tract infections, 48 decreased lung function, as well as increased susceptibility to, and delayed recovery from, infections and inflammatory conditions.…”

Section: Dietary Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative medicine considerations for convalescence from mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease

Alschuler

Chiasson

Horwitz

et al. 2022

EXPLORE

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The majority of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 have mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease. Convalescence from mild-to-moderate (MtoM) COVID-19 disease may be supported by integrative medicine strategies. Integrative Medicine (IM) is defined as healing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle. Integrative medicine strategies that may support recovery from MtoM COVID-19 are proposed given their clinically studied effects in related conditions. Adoption of an anti-inflammatory diet, supplementation with vitamin D, glutathione, melatonin, Cordyceps, Astragalus and garlic have potential utility. Osteopathic manipulation, Qigong, breathing exercises and aerobic exercise may support pulmonary recovery. Stress reduction, environmental optimization, creative expression and aromatherapy can provide healing support and minimize enduring trauma. These modalities would benefit from clinical trials in people recovering from COVID-19 infection.

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“…Tan et al ( 67 ) supplemented patients with COVID-19 once daily with a combination of vitamin D 3 (1,000 IU), Mg (150 mg), and vitamin B 12 (500 µg); findings were that significantly fewer patients required oxygen support (18% vs. 63%) and/or intensive care support (6% vs. 32%). Our review of available information aligns with this finding.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2: influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D, on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19

Kempen

Deixler²

2021

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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The use of vitamin D to reduce the severity of COVID-19 complications is receiving considerable attention, backed by encouraging data. Its purported mode of action is as an immune modulator. Vitamin D, however, also affects metabolism of phosphate and Mg, which may well play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 may induce a cytokine storm that drains ATP whose regeneration requires phosphate and Mg. These minerals, however, are often deficient in conditions that predispose people to severe COVID-19, including older age (especially males), diabetes, obesity, and usage of diuretics. Symptoms observed in severe COVID-19 also fit well with those seen in classical hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, such as thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, dysfunction of liver and kidneys, neurologic disturbances, immunodeficiency, failure of heart and lungs, delayed weaning from a respirator, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, and finally multi-organ failure. Deficiencies of phosphate and Mg can be amplified by kidney problems commonly observed in COVID-19 patients resulting in their wastage into urine. Available data show that phosphate and Mg are deficient in COVID-19 with phosphate showing a remarkable correlation with its severity. In one experiment, COVID-19 patients were supplemented with a cocktail of vitamin D3, Mg, and vitamin B12, with very encouraging results. We thus argue that COVID-19 patients should be monitored and treated for phosphate and Mg deficiencies, ideally already in the early phases of infection. Supplementation of phosphate and Mg combined with vitamin D could also be implemented as a preventative strategy in populations at risk.

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Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19)

Cited by 243 publications

References 10 publications

Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People

Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People

Integrative medicine considerations for convalescence from mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease

SARS-CoV-2: influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D, on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19

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