“…Pine wilt disease (PWD), one of the most serious forest problems worldwide, originated in North American countries (Dwinell, 1997) spreading to many others during the 20th century. In the U.S.A and Canada, PWD is not considered as a primary pathogen of native pines (Leal et al, 2013), whereas in invasion areas, such as Japan, Korea, China, and Portugal, it exerts serious damage to forest ecosystems (Yun et al, 2012).…”