Coinfection of Ugandan Red Colobus (
 Procolobus
 [
 Piliocolobus
 ]
 rufomitratus tephrosceles
 ) with Novel, Divergent Delta-, Lenti-, and Spumaretroviruses

Goldberg, Tony L.; Sintasath, David; Chapman, Colin A.; Cameron, Kenneth M.; Karesh, William B.; Tang, Shaohua; Wolfe, Nathan; Rwego, Innocent B.; Ting, Nelson; Switzer, William M.

doi:10.1128/jvi.02616-08

Cited by 84 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…There is recently an abundance of data on the viruses of red colobus [17,73]. Unfortunately, no long-term comparative data are available, so we cannot evaluate if there has been a change in the nature of the viral infections in this population of red colobus.…”

Section: (I) Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, within the past decade in one small area of Kibale National Park, Uganda, our research group has discovered distinct simian pegiviruses in three species of wild monkeys [15], a new SIV lineage in red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) [16], and novel delta-lenti-and spuma-retroviruses [17], just to name a few. If diseases are emerging at a faster rate and/or their role as stochastic events causing population declines are more important than previously recognized, then the small population sizes of endangered species may place them at greater risk from disease outbreaks than previously thought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance

Chapman

Schoof

Bonnell

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Despite strong links between sociality and fitness that ultimately affect the size of animal populations, the particular social and ecological factors that lead to endangerment are not well understood. Here, we synthesize approximately 25 years of data and present new analyses that highlight dynamics in forest composition, food availability, the nutritional quality of food, disease, physiological stress and population size of endangered folivorous red colobus monkeys ( Procolobus rufomitratus ). There is a decline in the quality of leaves 15 and 30 years following two previous studies in an undisturbed area of forest. The consumption of a low-quality diet in one month was associated with higher glucocorticoid levels in the subsequent month and stress levels in groups living in degraded forest fragments where diet was poor was more than twice those in forest groups. In contrast, forest composition has changed and when red colobus food availability was weighted by the protein-to-fibre ratio, which we have shown positively predicts folivore biomass, there was an increase in the availability of high-quality trees. Despite these changing social and ecological factors, the abundance of red colobus has remained stable, possibly through a combination of increasing group size and behavioural flexibility.

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Section: (I) Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance

Chapman

Schoof

Bonnell

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Most data on retroviruses in wild primates are derived from studies based on bushmeat samples or confiscated and captive populations and might therefore not be representative for the situation in the wild. Therefore, the main data we use here for comparison are based on a study by Goldberg et al (15) using samples obtained from wild primates under anesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first-round PCR we used primers SFVwrc 1s and SFVwrc 2as, and then for two parallel seminested PCRs we used primers SFVwrc 1s and SFVwrc 4as (expected amplicon size of approximately 430 bp) and primers SFVwrc 3s and SFVwrc 2as (expected amplicon size of approximately 270 bp); the cycler conditions were 96°C for 5 min and 40 cycles of 96°C for 1 min, 56°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min, with a final step at 72°C for 10 min and then cooling to 4°C. One sample from each individual was also tested with a generic SFV PCR (15) to check for the presence of other non-red colobus strains of SFV. We used the primers SIF2 (TAG CWG AYA ARC TTG CCA CCC AAG G) and SIR1 (GTC GTT TWA TIT CAC TAT TTT TCC TTT CCA C) in the first round and the primers SIF3 (CCA ARC CTG GAT GCA GAG YTG GAT CA) and SIR3 (ACT TTG GGG RTG RTA AGG AGT ACT G) in a nested PCR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these samples indicated a high prevalence of STLV-1wrc and SFVwrc in the red colobus monkey population (56% and 90%, respectively). A recent study from Uganda, East Africa, estimated the prevalence of SIV, STLV-1, and SFV in another red colobus species (Piliocolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) to be 22.6%, 6.4%, and 97%, respectively (15). The study was performed using blood samples collected from anesthetized wild red colobus monkeys living in their natural habitat, which allowed reliable assessment of the prevalence and genetic diversity of these three retroviruses.…”

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confidence: 99%

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High Prevalence, Coinfection Rate, and Genetic Diversity of Retroviruses in Wild Red Colobus Monkeys ( Piliocolobus badius badius ) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire

Leendertz

Junglen

Hedemann

et al. 2010

J Virol

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Simian retroviruses are precursors of all human retroviral pathogens. However, little is known about the prevalence and coinfection rates or the genetic diversity of major retroviruses-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), and simian foamy virus (SFV)-in wild populations of nonhuman primates. Such information would contribute to the understanding of the natural history of retroviruses in various host species. Here, we estimate these parameters for wild West African red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius badius) in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We collected samples from a total of 54 red colobus monkeys; samples consisted of blood and/or internal organs from 22 monkeys and additionally muscle and other tissue samples from another 32 monkeys. PCR analyses revealed a high prevalence of SIV, STLV-1, and SFV in this population, with rates of 82%, 50%, and 86%, respectively. Forty-five percent of the monkeys were coinfected with all three viruses while another 32% were coinfected with SIV in combination with either STLV or SFV. As expected, phylogenetic analyses showed a host-specific pattern for SIV and SFV strains. In contrast, STLV-1 strains appeared to be distributed in genetically distinct and distant clades, which are unique to the Taï forest and include strains previously described from wild chimpanzees in the same area. The high prevalence of all three retroviral infections in P. b. badius represents a source of infection to chimpanzees and possibly to humans, who hunt them.

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Primate Disease Ecology in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective

Nunn

2012

American J Primatol

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Infectious disease plays a major role in the lives of wild primates, and the past decade has witnessed significant strides in our understanding of primate disease ecology. In this review, I briefly describe some key findings from phylogenetic comparative approaches, focusing on analyses of parasite richness that use the Global Mammal Parasite Database. While these studies have provided new answers to fundamental questions, new questions have arisen, including questions about the underlying epidemiological mechanisms that produce the broader phylogenetic patterns. I discuss two examples in which theoretical models have given us new traction on these comparative questions. First, drawing on findings of a positive association between range use intensity and the richness of helminth parasites, we developed a spatially explicit agent-based model to investigate the underlying drivers of this pattern. From this model, we are gaining deeper understanding of how range use intensity results in greater exposure to parasites, thus producing higher prevalence in the simulated populations-and, plausibly, higher parasite richness in comparative analyses. Second, I show how a model of disease spread on social networks provides solid theoretical foundations for understanding the effects of sociality and group size on parasitism across primate species. This study further revealed that larger social groups are more subdivided, which should slow the spread of infectious diseases. This effect could offset the increased disease risk expected in larger social groups, which has yet to receive strong empirical support in our comparative analyses. In addition to these examples, I discuss the need for more meta-analyses of individual-level phenomena documented in the field, and for greater linkage between theoretical modeling and field research.

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Coinfection of Ugandan Red Colobus ( Procolobus [ Piliocolobus ] rufomitratus tephrosceles ) with Novel, Divergent Delta-, Lenti-, and Spumaretroviruses

Cited by 84 publications

References 69 publications

Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance

Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance

High Prevalence, Coinfection Rate, and Genetic Diversity of Retroviruses in Wild Red Colobus Monkeys ( Piliocolobus badius badius ) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire

Primate Disease Ecology in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective

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