Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany—Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020

Abstract

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight APP should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in APP was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006–2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of APP serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, APP was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015–2020 compared to 2006–2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for APP. Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), Streptococcus suis (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent APP disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistome of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Taiwan: a next-generation sequencing analysis

“…A previous study also showed that A. pleuropneumoniae -infected pigs were usually coinfected with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2, 56%), Streptococcus suis (24.8%), or the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV, 23.3%) (Hennig-Pauka et al. 2021 ). The increased frequency of A. pleuropneumoniae coincided with the PCV2 and PRRSV was found in the Hungarian porcine industry (Kardos et al.…”

Novel Experimental Mouse Model to Study the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infection

“…Moreover, antibiotic resistance poses a global threat pertaining to lung infections, so novel methods to screen effective anti-bacterial drugs with novel mechanisms are needed [4]. APP that resists one and multiple antibiotics have been found in pig farms though APP is not a human pathogen [5,8]. Even in cases of no antibiotic resistance and residue, vaccines for APP are sometimes ineffective because of a lack of appropriate antigens, low cross-reactivity, and immune escape.…”

Susceptibility evaluation and PK/PD integration of tulathromycin against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during the mutant selection window

“…However, excessive application of antimicrobial agents has led to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria ( 7 , 8 ). The common solutions to address MDR include the development of new drugs, reformation of susceptibility breakpoints, drug combinations, and optimization of dosage regimens.…”