Cold hardiness of wheat near-isogenic lines differing in vernalization alleles

Koemel, John E.; Guenzi, Arron C.; Anderson, Jeffrey A.; Smith, E. L.

doi:10.1007/s00122-004-1686-9

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that FR-1 is a pleiotropic effect of VRN-1 rather than a separate gene. This hypothesis is also supported by experiments showing that the repression of VRN-1 by short days in spring wheat genotypes is associated with increased freezing tolerance (Limin and Fowler, 2006) and that VRN-1 transcript levels in the different Triple Dirk near-isogenic lines are inversely correlated with freezing tolerance (Koemel et al, 2004).…”

Section: Homozygous Mvp Mutants Exhibit Higher Transcript Levels Of Ssupporting

confidence: 68%

Regulation of Freezing Tolerance and Flowering in Temperate Cereals: The VRN-1 Connection

Dhillon¹,

et al. 2010

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In winter wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties, long exposures to nonfreezing cold temperatures accelerate flowering time (vernalization) and improve freezing tolerance (cold acclimation). However, when plants initiate their reproductive development, freezing tolerance decreases, suggesting a connection between the two processes. To better understand this connection, we used two diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum) mutants, maintained vegetative phase (mvp), that carry deletions encompassing VRN-1, the major vernalization gene in temperate cereals. Homozygous mvp/mvp plants never flower, whereas plants carrying at least one functional VRN-1 copy (Mvp/-) exhibit normal flowering and high transcript levels of VRN-1 under long days. The Mvp/- plants showed reduced freezing tolerance and reduced transcript levels of several cold-induced C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR transcription factors and COLD REGULATED genes (COR) relative to the mvp/mvp plants. Diploid wheat accessions with mutations in the VRN-1 promoter, resulting in high transcript levels under both long and short days, showed a significant down-regulation of COR14b under long days but not under short days. Taken together, these studies suggest that VRN-1 is required for the initiation of the regulatory cascade that down-regulates the cold acclimation pathway but that additional genes regulated by long days are required for the down-regulation of the COR genes. In addition, our results show that allelic variation in VRN-1 is sufficient to determine differences in freezing tolerance, suggesting that quantitative trait loci for freezing tolerance previously mapped on this chromosome region are likely a pleiotropic effect of VRN-1 rather than the effect of a separate closely linked locus (FROST RESISTANCE-1), as proposed in early freezing tolerance studies.

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Section: Homozygous Mvp Mutants Exhibit Higher Transcript Levels Of Ssupporting

confidence: 68%

Regulation of Freezing Tolerance and Flowering in Temperate Cereals: The VRN-1 Connection

Dhillon¹,

et al. 2010

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“…This hypothesis is supported by genetic studies that show active alleles of VRN1 reduce frost tolerance (Roberts 1990;Hayes et al 1993;Fowler et al 1996;Koemel et al 2004;Limin and Fowler 2006). For example, a comparison of near-isogenic lines that differ in VRN1 genotype has shown that varieties with active alleles of VRN1, which flower without vernalization, have a greatly reduced capacity to acclimate to cold compared with lines with wildtype alleles of VRN1, which require vernalization to flower (Koemel et al 2004;Limin and Fowler 2006). At present, it is not clear whether this is a direct consequence of induction of VRN1 or an indirect consequence, caused by the effect that VRN1 has on other genes or on plant development per se.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Vrn1 Vernalization Requirement Andsupporting

confidence: 53%

The central role of the VERNALIZATION1 gene in the vernalization response of cereals

Trevaskis¹

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

144

104

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Abstract. Many varieties of wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) require prolonged exposure to cold during winter in order to flower (vernalization). In these cereals, vernalization-induced flowering is controlled by the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene. VRN1 is a promoter of flowering that is activated by low temperatures. VRN1 transcript levels increase gradually during vernalization, with longer cold treatments inducing higher expression levels. Elevated VRN1 expression is maintained in the shoot apex and leaves after vernalization, and the level of VRN1 expression in these organs determines how rapidly vernalized plants flower. Some alleles of VRN1 are expressed without vernalization due to deletions or insertions within the promoter or first intron of the VRN1 gene. Varieties of wheat and barley with these alleles flower without vernalization and are grown where vernalization does not occur. The first intron of the VRN1 locus has histone modifications typically associated with the maintenance of an inactive chromatin state, suggesting this region is targeted by epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to repression of VRN1 before winter. Other mechanisms are likely to act elsewhere in the VRN1 gene to mediate low-temperature induction. This review examines how understanding the mechanisms that regulate VRN1 provides insights into the biology of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals and how this will contribute to future cereal breeding strategies.

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“…Autumn sowing can enhance yield relative to later sowing times, but can also expose plants to freezing winter conditions [1]. Consequently, the capacity to survive winter frosts is an important trait for autumn-sown wheat and barley varieties grown in regions that experience cold winters [2]–[4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of the Vernalization Response in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seedlings

et al. 2011

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Temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), respond to prolonged cold by becoming more tolerant of freezing (cold acclimation) and by becoming competent to flower (vernalization). These responses occur concomitantly during winter, but vernalization continues to influence development during spring. Previous studies identified VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) as a master regulator of the vernalization response in cereals. The extent to which other genes contribute to this process is unclear. In this study the Barley1 Affymetrix chip was used to assay gene expression in barley seedlings during short or prolonged cold treatment. Gene expression was also assayed in the leaves of plants after prolonged cold treatment, in order to identify genes that show lasting responses to prolonged cold, which might contribute to vernalization-induced flowering. Many genes showed altered expression in response to short or prolonged cold treatment, but these responses differed markedly. A limited number of genes showed lasting responses to prolonged cold treatment. These include genes known to be regulated by vernalization, such as VRN1 and ODDSOC2, and also contigs encoding a calcium binding protein, 23-KD jasmonate induced proteins, an RNase S-like protein, a PR17d secretory protein and a serine acetyltransferase. Some contigs that were up-regulated by short term cold also showed lasting changes in expression after prolonged cold treatment. These include COLD REGULATED 14B (COR14B) and the barley homologue of WHEAT COLD SPECIFIC 19 (WSC19), which were expressed at elevated levels after prolonged cold. Conversely, two C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) genes showed reduced expression after prolonged cold. Overall, these data show that a limited number of barley genes exhibit lasting changes in expression after prolonged cold treatment, highlighting the central role of VRN1 in the vernalization response in cereals.

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Cold hardiness of wheat near-isogenic lines differing in vernalization alleles

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Regulation of Freezing Tolerance and Flowering in Temperate Cereals: The VRN-1 Connection

Regulation of Freezing Tolerance and Flowering in Temperate Cereals: The VRN-1 Connection

The central role of the VERNALIZATION1 gene in the vernalization response of cereals

Transcriptome Analysis of the Vernalization Response in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seedlings

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