Cold Plasma Treatment on Mustard Green Seeds and its Effect on Growth, Isothiocyanates, Antioxidant Activity and Anticancer Activity of Microgreens

Abstract

The aims of this work were to study growth, isothiocyanate (ITC), bioactive content, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of mustard green (MG) microgreens grown from seeds treated with cold plasma at 21 and 23 kV for 5 min. Microgreens from plasma-treated seeds at 23 kV showed almost 2-fold increased ITC content (1.57 ± 0.05 mmol/100 g DW) compared to MG from seeds without plasma (control), showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (6.76 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.16±0.01 mg RE/g DW). However, MG plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV showed the highest antioxidant activity from 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (3.51 ± 0.38 mg TE/g DW). Allyl isothiocyanate and 3-butenyl isothiocyanate were the dominant ITCs in MG. The highest cytotoxicities using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against MCF-7 (IC50 of 32.44 ± 1.64 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50 of 28.58 ± 1.04 μg/mL) after 72 h exposure were found in MG from plasma-treated seeds at 23 kV and MG from control seeds, respectively. However, MG from plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV exhibited the highest antiproliferative effect against MCF-7 (IC50 of 23.23 ± 0.23 μg/mL) and HepG2 (IC50 of 20.44 ± 0.56 μg/mL) for 14 days and also the most potent antimigratory effect. MG from cold plasma inhibited MMP-9 protein expression in both cancers indicating antimigratory property. MG from cold plasma also significantly reduced MMP-9 mRNA expression in both cancers when compared to the control and untreated cells. In conclusion, cold plasma treatment on seeds seemed to be an innovative tool to enhance ITC, TPC, TFC and anticancer properties of MG microgreens for better health implications. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Diversity in Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacities, and Nutrient Contents Among Mungbean and Lentil Microgreens When Grown at Plain-Altitude Region (Delhi) and High-Altitude Region (Leh-Ladakh), India

“…However, relatively higher DPPH activity was also recorded in basil (9.60 μmol/g), beet (7.91 μmol/g), and pak choi (7.65 μmol/g) (Brazaityte et al, 2015a ). Additionally, the mustard microgreens produced from cold plasma (at 21 and 23 kV) treated seeds showed significantly more DPPH activity over control (Saengha et al, 2021 ). FRAP activity in onion microgreens was recorded as 7.0 μmol Fe 2+ /g, while this was 36.3 μmol Fe 2+ /g in roselle (Ghoora et al, 2020 ).…”

Effect of Pre-soaking Mustard Green Seeds Prior to Cold Plasma Treatment on Bioactive Aspects of Microgreens

“…ITCs were extracted and quantified as follows. 6 MG microgreens were freeze-dried, and the dried plants (250 mg) were mixed in 4 mL of © 2021 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 0.1 M citrate-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and macerated at 250 rpm for 1 h at 37°C.…”

“…ITCs were extracted for cell culture assays as follows. 6 Microgreens in fresh weight (50 g) were crushed in 50 mL citrate phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) and left shaking at 250 rpm for 2 h at 37°C. For extracting ITCs, DCM was applied to the mixed samples in a 1:1 ratio and stood for 30 min.…”

“…Gel electrophoresis was used to assess apoptosis as indicated by DNA fragmentation. 6 HepG2 and MCF-7 (2 ×10 5 cells) were transferred to each of 6-well plates and left for 24 h at 37ºC. MG extract (50 µg/mL) was applied to cells for 24 h. Genomic DNA from cancer cell pellet was extracted using DNA Extraction Kit (Vivantis, Malaysia) and examined on gel electrophoresis.…”

“…MG plasma-treated seeds at 21 kV demonstrated the greatest antioxidant capacity from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Allyl isothiocyanate and 3-butenyl isothiocyanate were the dominant ITCs in MG. 6 *Corresponding author. E mail: vijitra.l@msu.ac.…”