Cold-water immersion blunts and delays increases in circulating testosterone and cytokines post-resistance exercise

Earp, Jacob E.; Hatfield, Disa L.; Sherman, Andrew B.; Lee, Elaine C.; Kraemer, William J.

doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04178-7

Cited by 26 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The higher IL-6 level after CWI-REST than after RT-REST may also be due to the modulation of muscle mass as a result of exposure to cold. In contrast, Earp et al [ 34 ] found that the IL-6 level was significantly elevated after 30 min of CON, compared to the CWI session. Differences between the findings described above and in the present study may result from the resistance training status of the participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study

Pawłowska

Mila-Kierzenkowska

Boraczyński

et al. 2021

JCM

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Cold-water immersion (CWI) after exercise is a method used by sportsmen to improve recovery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 3 min CWI on the inflammatory state by measuring levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and activities of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP), and cathepsin D (CTS D), in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Male volunteers (n = 22, age 25 ± 4.8 yr) performed a 30 min submaximal aerobic exercise, followed by a 20 min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20 min rest at room temperature with an initial 3 min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). Blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, and after 20 min of recovery. The IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels and the AAT activity increased significantly immediately after exercise. The IL-6 level was significantly higher after CWI-REST than after RT-REST. No changes in the activities of the lysosomal enzymes were observed. The effect of a 3 min CWI on the level of inflammatory markers during post-exercise recovery was limited. Thus, it might be considered as a widely available method of regeneration for recreational athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study

Pawłowska

Mila-Kierzenkowska

Boraczyński

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…It is reported that the cold-water immersion blunts the sensory stimulus, thus significantly reducing the pain and delays increment in circulating testosterone and cytokines post resistance exercise. 5 The warm water exercise on the contrary appears to stimulate and accumulate more immune cells compared to cold water. 6 The literature study shows that clean tap water is a costeffective alternative modality of wound irrigation or cleansing agent as compared to normal saline 7 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective observational study to evaluate the concept of the warm versus regular room temperature seitz bath in perineal wound healing

2020

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Background: Seitz bath in post-perineal surgery minimizes pain by reducing anal sphincter tone and also maintains hygiene. The aim and objective of this retrospective study is to compare the effect of warm versus regular room temperature seitz bath. The article clears the concept of seitz bath. The seitz bath gives psychological satisfaction of dressing to patient and helps in boosting the concept of hygiene in their mind.Method: Study design for this study was comparative study of warm and room temperature seitz bath on 60 patients by convenience sampling operated for perineal diseases from 01 November 2019 to 30 March 2020 with written informed consent of patient and fulfilling ethical requirements at Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Thane, Mumbai. Patients with immunocompromised status and comorbidities like diabetes, tuberculosis, HIV were excluded from study this was the criteria for the study.Results: Out of 60 postoperative cases having perineal wounds, 35 (58.33%) patients opted for warm water seitz bath, while the rest 25 (41.66%) preferred regular room temperature seitz bath. In spite of a greater number of patients opting for warm seitz bath, wound recovery in terms of healing and wound discharge was almost similar in both the study groups. All the patients involved in the study were comfortable to resume their daily activities with significant reduction in pain by the end of first week irrespective of the choice of seitz bath they opted for.Conclusion: The study concludes that symptomatic relief and wound recovery in the operated cases of perineal surgeries completely independent of the choice of seitz bath practiced.

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“…Although cold exposure is commonly cited as reducing post-exercise inflammation, much of the evidence to support this comes from animal models of muscle injury or human eccentric exercise models, which are not representative of typical resistance exercise due to the much greater muscle damage they induce. Indeed, studies investigating the inflammatory or immune cell response to resistance exercise show either no effect (Gonzalez et al, 2014a,b;Fragala et al, 2015;Jajtner et al, 2015;Yamane et al, 2015;Peake et al, 2017;Fuchs et al, 2020) or a potentiated response (Roberts et al, 2014;Jajtner et al, 2015;Fuchs et al, 2020) due to CWI, with only one study reporting a decreased response (Earp et al, 2019). Most studies have investigated the effects of CWI on systemic inflammation.…”

Section: Mechanisms Contributing To Impaired Anabolic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies have investigated the effects of CWI on systemic inflammation. Five studies showed unchanged levels of inflammation (Gonzalez et al, 2014a,b;Fragala et al, 2015;Jajtner et al, 2015;Yamane et al, 2015), two showed increased levels (Roberts et al, 2014;Jajtner et al, 2015) and one study observed decreased inflammation (Earp et al, 2019). Only two studies have investigated CWI effects on intramuscular inflammation.…”

Section: Mechanisms Contributing To Impaired Anabolic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential short-term benefits of CWI are nevertheless thought to be primarily mediated by the local vasoconstriction and increased hydrostatic pressure attributed to the cold water temperature and depth associated with CWI, respectively (Wilcock et al, 2006). These factors are thought to exert various physiological effects, including decreased metabolic activity (Ihsan et al, 2013), altered hormonal responses (Earp et al, 2019), infiltration of immune cells (Lee et al, 2005), and reduced limb blood flow (Gregson et al, 2011;Mawhinney et al, 2013Mawhinney et al, , 2017. Ultimately, these purported short-term benefits of CWI are theorized to enhance physiological adaptations to exercise training by improving the quantity and/or quality of subsequent training sessions (Barnett, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Training and the Underlying Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review

Petersen

Fyfe

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) is a popular recovery modality aimed at minimizing fatigue and hastening recovery following exercise. In this regard, CWI has been shown to be beneficial for accelerating post-exercise recovery of various parameters including muscle strength, muscle soreness, inflammation, muscle damage, and perceptions of fatigue. Improved recovery following an exercise session facilitated by CWI is thought to enhance the quality and training load of subsequent training sessions, thereby providing a greater training stimulus for long-term physiological adaptations. However, studies investigating the long-term effects of repeated post-exercise CWI instead suggest CWI may attenuate physiological adaptations to exercise training in a mode-specific manner. Specifically, there is evidence post-exercise CWI can attenuate improvements in physiological adaptations to resistance training, including aspects of maximal strength, power, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy, without negatively influencing endurance training adaptations. Several studies have investigated the effects of CWI on the molecular responses to resistance exercise in an attempt to identify the mechanisms by which CWI attenuates physiological adaptations to resistance training. Although evidence is limited, it appears that CWI attenuates the activation of anabolic signaling pathways and the increase in muscle protein synthesis following acute and chronic resistance exercise, which may mediate the negative effects of CWI on long-term resistance training adaptations. There are, however, a number of methodological factors that must be considered when interpreting evidence for the effects of post-exercise CWI on physiological adaptations to resistance training and the potential underlying mechanisms. This review outlines and critiques the available evidence on the effects of CWI on long-term resistance training adaptations and the underlying molecular mechanisms in skeletal muscle, and suggests potential directions for future research to further elucidate the effects of CWI on resistance training adaptations.

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Cold-water immersion blunts and delays increases in circulating testosterone and cytokines post-resistance exercise

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study

Retrospective observational study to evaluate the concept of the warm versus regular room temperature seitz bath in perineal wound healing

Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological Adaptations to Resistance Training and the Underlying Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review

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