Coleoptile surface cuticle of barley is involved in survival and penetration of Blumeria graminis

Iwamoto, Mana; Takeuchi, Yuichi; Takada, Yasuhiro; Yamaoka, Naoto

doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0374

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An influence of the chemical composition of the substrate surface, and especially of epicuticular leaf waxes, on the prepenetration processes of biotrophic fungi had been described in several investigations Podila et al, 1993;Hwang and Kolattukudy, 1995;Rubiales and Niks, 1996;Hegde and Kolattukudy, 1997;Iwamoto et al, 2002;Niks and Rubiales, 2002;Tsuba et al, 2002). Most interestingly, in one study comparable to this investigation, normal germling development of Erysiphe graminis (the grass powdery mildew fungus) was reported on the adaxial leaf surface of ryegrass (Lolium sp.…”

Section: Effects Of Pea Leaf Surfaces On the Early Stages Of E Pisi supporting

confidence: 69%

What Do Microbes Encounter at the Plant Surface? Chemical Composition of Pea Leaf Cuticular Waxes

et al. 2005

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In the cuticular wax mixtures from leaves of pea (Pisum sativum) cv Avanta, cv Lincoln, and cv Maiperle, more than 70 individual compounds were identified. The adaxial wax was characterized by very high amounts of primary alcohols (71%), while the abaxial wax consisted mainly of alkanes (73%). An aqueous adhesive of gum arabic was employed to selectively sample the epicuticular wax layer on pea leaves and hence to analyze the composition of epicuticular crystals exposed at the outermost surface of leaves. The epicuticular layer was found to contain 74% and 83% of the total wax on adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively. The platelet-shaped crystals on the adaxial leaf surface consisted of a mixture dominated by hexacosanol, accompanied by substantial amounts of octacosanol and hentriacontane. In contrast, the ribbon-shaped wax crystals on the abaxial surface consisted mainly of hentriacontane (63%), with approximately 5% each of hexacosanol and octacosanol being present. Based on this detailed chemical analysis of the wax exposed at the leaf surface, their importance for early events in the interaction with host-specific pathogenic fungi can now be evaluated. On adaxial surfaces, approximately 80% of Erysiphe pisi spores germinated and 70% differentiated appressoria. In contrast, significantly lower germination efficiencies (57%) and appressoria formation rates (49%) were found for abaxial surfaces. In conclusion, the influence of the physical structure and the chemical composition of the host surface, and especially of epicuticular leaf waxes, on the prepenetration processes of biotrophic fungi is discussed.

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Section: Effects Of Pea Leaf Surfaces On the Early Stages Of E Pisi supporting

confidence: 69%

What Do Microbes Encounter at the Plant Surface? Chemical Composition of Pea Leaf Cuticular Waxes

et al. 2005

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“…The cuticular membrane is composed of a polymer matrix (cutin) and associated solvent-soluble lipids (cuticular waxes), which can be divided into two spatially distinct layers: the epicuticular waxes coating the surface and the intracuticular waxes embedded in the cutin matrix (Jetter et al 2000). A speciWc role of plant surfaces in providing cues that inXuence germination and development of biotrophic pathogens, such as powdery mildews, has been suggested by several authors Tsuba et al 2002;Iwamoto et al 2002;Gniwotta et al 2005;Zabka et al 2008). SpeciWcally, the early events of the infection process, such as fungal germination and diVerentiation appear to be triggered by speciWc plant surface properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two sides of a leaf blade: Blumeria graminis needs chemical cues in cuticular waxes of Lolium perenne for germination and differentiation

Ringelmann

Riedel

Riederer

et al. 2009

Planta

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Plant surface characteristics were repeatedly shown to play a pivotal role in plant-pathogen interactions. The abaxial leaf surface of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is extremely glossy and wettable compared to the glaucous and more hydrophobic adaxial surface. Earlier investigations have demonstrated that the abaxial leaf surface was rarely infected by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), even when the adaxial surface was densely colonized. This led to the assumption that components of the abaxial epicuticular leaf wax might contribute to the observed impairment of growth and development of B. graminis conidia on abaxial surfaces of L. perenne. To re-assess this hypothesis, we analyzed abundance and chemical composition of L. perenne ab- and adaxial epicuticular wax fractions. While the adaxial epicuticular waxes were dominated by primary alcohols and esters, the abaxial fraction was mainly composed of n-alkanes and aldehydes. However, the major germination and differentiation inducing compound, the C26-aldehyde n-hexacosanal, was not present in the abaxial epicuticular waxes. Spiking of isolated abaxial epicuticular Lolium waxes with synthetically produced n-hexacosanal allowed reconstituting germination and differentiation rates of B. graminis in an in vitro germination assay using wax-coated glass slides. Hence, the absence of the C26-aldehyde from the abaxial surface in combination with a distinctly reduced surface hydrophobicity appears to be primarily responsible for the failure of normal germling development of B. graminis on the abaxial leaf surfaces of L. perenne.

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“…Cutin also plays an essential role in the regulation of cell adhesion during plant development by preventing organ fusion, as observed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants with cuticle defects (Sieber et al, 2000;Nawrath, 2006), or by participating in hull adhesion in grains (Taketa et al, 2008). Finally, it is generally accepted that plant cuticle and its polymeric skeleton, cutin, are primary barriers to pathogens and that cutin monomers released by fungal cutinase are signaling molecules for both the pathogen and plants (Gilbert et al, 1996;Schweizer et al, 1996;Iwamoto et al, 2002;Yeats and Rose, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ester Cross-Link Profiling of the Cutin Polymer of Wild-Type and Cutin Synthase Tomato Mutants Highlights Different Mechanisms of Polymerization

et al. 2015

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Cuticle function is closely related to the structure of the cutin polymer. However, the structure and formation of this hydrophobic polyester of glycerol and hydroxy/epoxy fatty acids has not been fully resolved. An apoplastic GDSL-lipase known as CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1) is required for cutin deposition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit exocarp. In vitro, CUS1 catalyzes the self-transesterification of 2-monoacylglycerol of 9(10),16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, the major tomato cutin monomer. This reaction releases glycerol and leads to the formation of oligomers with the secondary hydroxyl group remaining nonesterified. To check this mechanism in planta, a benzyl etherification of nonesterified hydroxyl groups of glycerol and hydroxy fatty acids was performed within cutin. Remarkably, in addition to a significant decrease in cutin deposition, mid-chain hydroxyl esterification of the dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid was affected in tomato RNA interference and ethyl methanesulfonate-cus1 mutants. Furthermore, in these mutants, the esterification of both sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of glycerol was impacted, and their cutin contained a higher molar glycerol-to-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid ratio. Therefore, in planta, CUS1 can catalyze the esterification of both primary and secondary alcohol groups of cutin monomers, and another enzymatic or nonenzymatic mechanism of polymerization may coexist with CUS1-catalyzed polymerization. This mechanism is poorly efficient with secondary alcohol groups and produces polyesters with lower molecular size. Confocal Raman imaging of benzyl etherified cutins showed that the polymerization is heterogenous at the fruit surface. Finally, by comparing tomato mutants either affected or not in cutin polymerization, we concluded that the level of cutin cross-linking had no significant impact on water permeance.Cuticles are ubiquitous hydrophobic barriers at the surfaces of aerial plant organs. These complex hydrophobic assemblies consist of a biopolymer, cutin, coated and filled with waxes and can also comprise embedded cell wall polysaccharides. Waxes comprise solventsoluble aliphatic molecules with long hydrocarbon chains, terpenes, and steroids (Kunst and Samuels,

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Coleoptile surface cuticle of barley is involved in survival and penetration of Blumeria graminis

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

What Do Microbes Encounter at the Plant Surface? Chemical Composition of Pea Leaf Cuticular Waxes

What Do Microbes Encounter at the Plant Surface? Chemical Composition of Pea Leaf Cuticular Waxes

Two sides of a leaf blade: Blumeria graminis needs chemical cues in cuticular waxes of Lolium perenne for germination and differentiation

Ester Cross-Link Profiling of the Cutin Polymer of Wild-Type and Cutin Synthase Tomato Mutants Highlights Different Mechanisms of Polymerization

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